Grade-level differences of peer and dating victimization among transgender, gender expansive, female, and male adolescents

A staggering number of adolescents in the United States report victimization within peer contexts (e.g., physical, verbal, or cyber forms of bullying) and dating relationships (e.g., physical, or psychological abuse from dating partners). However, little research has examined grade-level differences in forms of victimization by gender, inclusive of transgender and gender expansive adolescents. Eighth to twelfth graders (N = 4,464; n = 1,116 per gender identity) from a statewide survey were compared by gender identity and grade on self-reported rates of verbal, physical, and cyber peer victimization, as well as physical and psychological dating violence victimization. A log-binomial regression model was conducted to assess the prevalence ratio of peer and dating violence victimization by grade, and by comparing transgender and gender expansive youth to male and female youth. Across grade levels, transgender and gender expansive youth reported higher levels of victimization compared to male and female youth in those grades. Our results demonstrate that gender minority youth report rates of victimization across adolescence that differ from their male and female peers. This research is critical for moving beyond the gender binary to have more gender responsive and developmental approaches to violence prevention efforts.