TY - JOUR
T1 - Genes, Environments, and Phenotypic Plasticity in Immunology
AU - Martin, Lynn B.
AU - Hanson, Haley E.
AU - Hauber, Mark E.
AU - Ghalambor, Cameron K.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank members of the Martin laboratory for feedback. We acknowledge NSF grants IOS-1656618 and IOS-2027040 (to L.B.M.), IOS-1457383 (to C.K.G.), and IOS-1953226 (to M.E.H.) and BSF grant 2017285 (to M.E.H.). Additional support was provided by the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg (Institute for Advanced Study), Germany (to M.E.H.). No interests are declared.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/3
Y1 - 2021/3
N2 - For most of its history, immunology has sought to control environmental variation to establish genetic causality. As with all biological traits though, variation among individuals arises by three broad pathways: genetic (G), environmental (E), and the interactive between the two (GxE); and immunity is no different. Here, we review the value of applying the evolutionary frameworks of phenotypic plasticity and reaction norms to immunology. Because standardized laboratory environments are vastly different from the conditions under which populations evolved, we hypothesize that immunology might presently be missing important phenotypic variation and even focusing on dysregulated molecular and cellular processes. Modest adjustments to study designs could make model organism immunology more productive, reproducible, and reflective of human physiology.
AB - For most of its history, immunology has sought to control environmental variation to establish genetic causality. As with all biological traits though, variation among individuals arises by three broad pathways: genetic (G), environmental (E), and the interactive between the two (GxE); and immunity is no different. Here, we review the value of applying the evolutionary frameworks of phenotypic plasticity and reaction norms to immunology. Because standardized laboratory environments are vastly different from the conditions under which populations evolved, we hypothesize that immunology might presently be missing important phenotypic variation and even focusing on dysregulated molecular and cellular processes. Modest adjustments to study designs could make model organism immunology more productive, reproducible, and reflective of human physiology.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.002
DO - 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.002
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33518415
AN - SCOPUS:85100050494
SN - 1471-4906
VL - 42
SP - 198
EP - 208
JO - Trends in Immunology
JF - Trends in Immunology
IS - 3
ER -