TY - JOUR
T1 - Friction modulation in limbless, three-dimensional gaits and heterogeneous terrains
AU - Zhang, Xiaotian
AU - Naughton, Noel
AU - Parthasarathy, Tejaswin
AU - Gazzola, Mattia
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Henry Astley for the useful discussions and careful proof-reading. This study is jointly funded by NSF EFRI C3 SoRo #1830881 (M.G.), NSF CAREER #1846752 (M.G.), and ONR MURI N00014-19-1-2373 (M.G.). We also thank the Blue Waters project (OCI-0725070, ACI-1238993), a joint effort of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and its National Center for Supercomputing Applications, and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) Bridges, supported by National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562, at the Pittsburgh supercomputing center through allocation TG-MCB190004.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).
PY - 2021/12/1
Y1 - 2021/12/1
N2 - Motivated by a possible convergence of terrestrial limbless locomotion strategies ultimately determined by interfacial effects, we show how both 3D gait alterations and locomotory adaptations to heterogeneous terrains can be understood through the lens of local friction modulation. Via an effective-friction modeling approach, compounded by 3D simulations, the emergence and disappearance of a range of locomotory behaviors observed in nature is systematically explained in relation to inhabited environments. Our approach also simplifies the treatment of terrain heterogeneity, whereby even solid obstacles may be seen as high friction regions, which we confirm against experiments of snakes ‘diffracting’ while traversing rows of posts, similar to optical waves. We further this optic analogy by illustrating snake refraction, reflection and lens focusing. We use these insights to engineer surface friction patterns and demonstrate passive snake navigation in complex topographies. Overall, our study outlines a unified view that connects active and passive 3D mechanics with heterogeneous interfacial effects to explain a broad set of biological observations, and potentially inspire engineering design.
AB - Motivated by a possible convergence of terrestrial limbless locomotion strategies ultimately determined by interfacial effects, we show how both 3D gait alterations and locomotory adaptations to heterogeneous terrains can be understood through the lens of local friction modulation. Via an effective-friction modeling approach, compounded by 3D simulations, the emergence and disappearance of a range of locomotory behaviors observed in nature is systematically explained in relation to inhabited environments. Our approach also simplifies the treatment of terrain heterogeneity, whereby even solid obstacles may be seen as high friction regions, which we confirm against experiments of snakes ‘diffracting’ while traversing rows of posts, similar to optical waves. We further this optic analogy by illustrating snake refraction, reflection and lens focusing. We use these insights to engineer surface friction patterns and demonstrate passive snake navigation in complex topographies. Overall, our study outlines a unified view that connects active and passive 3D mechanics with heterogeneous interfacial effects to explain a broad set of biological observations, and potentially inspire engineering design.
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U2 - 10.1038/s41467-021-26276-x
DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-26276-x
M3 - Article
C2 - 34667170
AN - SCOPUS:85117684558
SN - 2041-1723
VL - 12
JO - Nature Communications
JF - Nature Communications
IS - 1
M1 - 6076
ER -