Abstract
The first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections at 870 μm wavelength (345 GHz frequency) are reported, achieving the highest diffraction-limited angular resolution yet obtained from the surface of the Earth and the highest-frequency example of the VLBI technique to date. These include strong detections for multiple sources observed on intercontinental baselines between telescopes in Chile, Hawaii, and Spain, obtained during observations in 2018 October. The longest-baseline detections approach 11 Gλ, corresponding to an angular resolution, or fringe spacing, of 19 μas. The Allan deviation of the visibility phase at 870 μm is comparable to that at 1.3 mm on the relevant integration timescales between 2 and 100 s. The detections confirm that the sensitivity and signal chain stability of stations in the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array are suitable for VLBI observations at 870 μm. Operation at this short wavelength, combined with anticipated enhancements of the EHT, will lead to a unique high angular resolution instrument for black hole studies, capable of resolving the event horizons of supermassive black holes in both space and time.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Article number | 130 |
| Journal | Astronomical Journal |
| Volume | 168 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| Early online date | Aug 27 2024 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 1 2024 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science
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- 10.3847/1538-3881/ad5bdbLicense: CC BY
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In: Astronomical Journal, Vol. 168, No. 3, 130, 01.09.2024.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - First Very Long Baseline Interferometry Detections at 870 μm
AU - Raymond, Alexander W.
AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.
AU - Asada, Keiichi
AU - Blackburn, Lindy
AU - Bower, Geoffrey C.
AU - Bremer, Michael
AU - Broguiere, Dominique
AU - Chen, Ming Tang
AU - Crew, Geoffrey B.
AU - Dornbusch, Sven
AU - Fish, Vincent L.
AU - García, Roberto
AU - Gentaz, Olivier
AU - Goddi, Ciriaco
AU - Han, Chih Chiang
AU - Hecht, Michael H.
AU - Huang, Yau De
AU - Janssen, Michael
AU - Keating, Garrett K.
AU - Koay, Jun Yi
AU - Krichbaum, Thomas P.
AU - Lo, Wen Ping
AU - Matsushita, Satoki
AU - Matthews, Lynn D.
AU - Moran, James M.
AU - Norton, Timothy J.
AU - Patel, Nimesh
AU - Pesce, Dominic W.
AU - Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
AU - Rottmann, Helge
AU - Roy, Alan L.
AU - Sánchez, Salvador
AU - Tilanus, Remo P.J.
AU - Titus, Michael
AU - Torne, Pablo
AU - Wagner, Jan
AU - Weintroub, Jonathan
AU - Wielgus, Maciek
AU - Young, André
AU - Akiyama, Kazunori
AU - Albentosa-Ruíz, Ezequiel
AU - Alberdi, Antxon
AU - Alef, Walter
AU - Algaba, Juan Carlos
AU - Anantua, Richard
AU - Azulay, Rebecca
AU - Bach, Uwe
AU - Baczko, Anne Kathrin
AU - Ball, David
AU - Balokovic, Mislav
AU - Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha
AU - Barrett, John
AU - Bauböck, Michi
AU - Benson, Bradford A.
AU - Bintley, Dan
AU - Blundell, Raymond
AU - Bouman, Katherine L.
AU - Boyce, Hope
AU - Brissenden, Roger
AU - Britzen, Silke
AU - Broderick, Avery E.
AU - Bronzwaer, Thomas
AU - Bustamante, Sandra
AU - Carlstrom, John E.
AU - Chael, Andrew
AU - Chan, Chi Kwan
AU - Chang, Dominic O.
AU - Chatterjee, Koushik
AU - Chatterjee, Shami
AU - Chen, Yongjun
AU - Cheng, Xiaopeng
AU - Cho, Ilje
AU - Christian, Pierre
AU - Conroy, Nicholas S.
AU - Conway, John E.
AU - Crawford, Thomas M.
AU - Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro
AU - Cui, Yuzhu
AU - Dahale, Rohan
AU - Davelaar, Jordy
AU - De Laurentis, Mariafelicia
AU - Deane, Roger
AU - Dempsey, Jessica
AU - Desvignes, Gregory
AU - Dexter, Jason
AU - Dhruv, Vedant
AU - Dihingia, Indu K.
AU - Dzib, Sergio A.
AU - Eatough, Ralph P.
AU - Emami, Razieh
AU - Falcke, Heino
AU - Farah, Joseph
AU - Fomalont, Edward
AU - Fontana, Anne Laure
AU - Ford, H. Alyson
AU - Foschi, Marianna
AU - Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
AU - Freeman, William T.
AU - Friberg, Per
AU - Fromm, Christian M.
AU - Fuentes, Antonio
AU - Galison, Peter
AU - Gammie, Charles F.
AU - Georgiev, Boris
AU - Gold, Roman
AU - Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
AU - Gómez, José L.
AU - Gu, Minfeng
AU - Gurwell, Mark
AU - Hada, Kazuhiro
AU - Haggard, Daryl
AU - Hesper, Ronald
AU - Heumann, Dirk
AU - Ho, Luis C.
AU - Ho, Paul
AU - Honma, Mareki
AU - Huang, Chih Wei L.
AU - Huang, Lei
AU - Hughes, David H.
AU - Ikeda, Shiro
AU - Impellizzeri, C. M.Violette
AU - Inoue, Makoto
AU - Issaoun, Sara
AU - James, David J.
AU - Jannuzi, Buell T.
AU - Jeter, Britton
AU - Jiang, Wu
AU - Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra
AU - Johnson, Michael D.
AU - Jorstad, Svetlana
AU - Jones, Adam C.
AU - Joshi, Abhishek V.
AU - Jung, Taehyun
AU - Karuppusamy, Ramesh
AU - Kawashima, Tomohisa
AU - Kettenis, Mark
AU - Kim, Dong Jin
AU - Kim, Jae Young
AU - Kim, Jongsoo
AU - Kim, Junhan
AU - Kino, Motoki
AU - Kocherlakota, Prashant
AU - Kofuji, Yutaro
AU - Koch, Patrick M.
AU - Koyama, Shoko
AU - Kramer, Carsten
AU - Kramer, Joana A.
AU - Kramer, Michael
AU - Kubo, Derek
AU - Kuo, Cheng Yu
AU - La Bella, Noemi
AU - Lee, Sang Sung
AU - Levis, Aviad
AU - Li, Zhiyuan
AU - Lico, Rocco
AU - Lindahl, Greg
AU - Lindqvist, Michael
AU - Lisakov, Mikhail
AU - Liu, Jun
AU - Liu, Kuo
AU - Liuzzo, Elisabetta
AU - Lobanov, Andrei P.
AU - Loinard, Laurent
AU - Lonsdale, Colin J.
AU - Lowitz, Amy E.
AU - Lu, Ru Sen
AU - MacDonald, Nicholas R.
AU - Mahieu, Sylvain
AU - Maier, Doris
AU - Mao, Jirong
AU - Marchili, Nicola
AU - Markoff, Sera
AU - Marrone, Daniel P.
AU - Marscher, Alan P.
AU - Martí-Vidal, Iván
AU - Medeiros, Lia
AU - Menten, Karl M.
AU - Mizuno, Izumi
AU - Mizuno, Yosuke
AU - Montgomery, Joshua
AU - Moriyama, Kotaro
AU - Moscibrodzka, Monika
AU - Mulaudzi, Wanga
AU - Müller, Cornelia
AU - Müller, Hendrik
AU - Mus, Alejandro
AU - Musoke, Gibwa
AU - Myserlis, Ioannis
AU - Nagai, Hiroshi
AU - Nagar, Neil M.
AU - Nakamura, Masanori
AU - Narayanan, Gopal
AU - Natarajan, Iniyan
AU - Nathanail, Antonios
AU - Fuentes, Santiago Navarro
AU - Neilsen, Joey
AU - Ni, Chunchong
AU - Nowak, Michael A.
AU - Oh, Junghwan
AU - Okino, Hiroki
AU - Olivares Sánchez, Héctor Raúl
AU - Oyama, Tomoaki
AU - Özel, Feryal
AU - Palumbo, Daniel C.M.
AU - Paraschos, Georgios Filippos
AU - Park, Jongho
AU - Parsons, Harriet
AU - Pen, Ue Li
AU - Piétu, Vincent
AU - PopStefanija, Aleksandar
AU - Porth, Oliver
AU - Prather, Ben
AU - Principe, Giacomo
AU - Psaltis, Dimitrios
AU - Pu, Hung Yi
AU - Raffin, Philippe A.
AU - Rao, Ramprasad
AU - Rawlings, Mark G.
AU - Ricarte, Angelo
AU - Ripperda, Bart
AU - Roelofs, Freek
AU - Romero-Cañizales, Cristina
AU - Ros, Eduardo
AU - Roshanineshat, Arash
AU - Ruiz, Ignacio
AU - Ruszczyk, Chet
AU - Rygl, Kazi L.J.
AU - Sánchez-Argüelles, David
AU - Sánchez-Portal, Miguel
AU - Sasada, Mahito
AU - Satapathy, Kaushik
AU - Savolainen, Tuomas
AU - Schloerb, F. Peter
AU - Schonfeld, Jonathan
AU - Schuster, Karl Friedrich
AU - Shao, Lijing
AU - Shen, Zhiqiang
AU - Small, Des
AU - Sohn, Bong Won
AU - SooHoo, Jason
AU - Sosapanta Salas, León David
AU - Souccar, Kamal
AU - Stanway, Joshua S.
AU - Sun, He
AU - Tazaki, Fumie
AU - Tetarenko, Alexandra J.
AU - Tiede, Paul
AU - Toma, Kenji
AU - Toscano, Teresa
AU - Traianou, Efthalia
AU - Trent, Tyler
AU - Trippe, Sascha
AU - Turk, Matthew
AU - van Bemmel, Ilse
AU - van Langevelde, Huib Jan
AU - van Rossum, Daniel R.
AU - Vos, Jesse
AU - Ward-Thompson, Derek
AU - Wardle, John
AU - Washington, Jasmin E.
AU - Wharton, Robert
AU - Wiik, Kaj
AU - Witzel, Gunther
AU - Wondrak, Michael F.
AU - Wong, George N.
AU - Wu, Qingwen
AU - Yadlapalli, Nitika
AU - Yamaguchi, Paul
AU - Yfantis, Aristomenis
AU - Yoon, Doosoo
AU - Younsi, Ziri
AU - Yu, Wei
AU - Yuan, Feng
AU - Yuan, Ye Fei
AU - Zensus, J. Anton
AU - Zhang, Shuo
AU - Zhao, Guang Yao
AU - Zhao, Shan Shan
N1 - The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration additionally thanks the following organizations and programs: the Academia Sinica; the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496, 315721); the Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00F3n y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile via NCN19 (TITANs), Fondecyt 1221421 and BASAL FB210003; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Allegro, the European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands, the NL astronomy research network NOVA, and the astronomy institutes of the University of Amsterdam, Leiden University, and Radboud University; the ALMA North America Development Fund; the Astrophysics and High Energy Physics program by MCIN (with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU, PRTR-C17I1); the Brinson Foundation; \u201Cla Caixa\u201D Foundation (ID 100010434) through fellowship codes LCF/BQ/DI22/11940027 and LCF/BQ/DI22/11940030; Chandra DD7-18089X and TM6-17006X; the China Scholarship Council; the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fellowships (2020M671266, 2022M712084); Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00EDa (CONAHCYT, Mexico, projects U0004-246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356); the Colfuturo Scholarship; the Consejer\u00EDa de Econom\u00EDa, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andaluc\u00EDa (grant P18-FR-1769); the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas (grant 2019AEP112); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Direcci\u00F3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00E9mico-Universidad Nacional Aut\u00F3noma de M\u00E9xico (DGAPA-UNAM, projects IN112820 and IN108324); the Dutch Research Council (NWO) for the VICI award (grant 639.043.513), the grant OCENW.KLEIN.113, and the Dutch Black Hole Consortium (with project No. NWA 1292.19.202) of the research program the National Science Agenda; the Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius and Snellius (NWO grant 2021.013); the EACOA Fellowship awarded by the East Asia Core Observatories Association, which consists of the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreements RadioNet (No. 730562), M2FINDERS (No. 101018682), and FunFiCO (No. 777740); the European Research Council for the advanced grant \u201CJETSET: Launching, propagation and emission of relativistic jets from binary mergers and across mass scales\u201D (grant No. 884631); the European Horizon Europe staff exchange (SE) program HORIZON-MSCA-2021-SE-01 grant NewFunFiCO (No. 10108625); the Horizon ERC Grants 2021 program under grant agreement No. 101040021; the FAPESP (Funda\u00E7\u00E3o de Amparo \u00E1 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00E3o Paulo) under grant 2021/01183-8; the Fondo CAS-ANID folio CAS220010; the Generalitat Valenciana (grants APOSTD/2018/177 and ASFAE/2022/018) and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/2018/021); the Institute for Advanced Study; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; DFG research grant \u201CJet physics on horizon scales and beyond\u201D (grant No. 443220636); Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship (research at the Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation); the Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT; grant JPMXP1020200109); the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007, 19H01943, 21H01137, 21H04488, 22H00157, 23K03453); the MICINN Research Projects PID2019-108995GB-C22, PID2022-140888NB-C22; the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 106-2923-M-001-005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-110-005, 107-2923-M-001-009, 108-2112-M-001-051, 108-2923-M-001-002, 109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2923-M-001-001, 110-2112-M-001-033, 110-2923-M-001-001, and 112-2112-M-003-010-MY3); the Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program; the Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences of Taiwan; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA; Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC23K1508, NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant 80NSSC20K0527, NASA NuSTAR award 80NSSC20K0645); NASA Hubble Fellowship grants HST-HF2-51431.001-A and HST-HF2-51482.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555; the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grants 2016YFA0400704, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC; grants NSTC 111-2112-M-001-041, NSTC 111-2124-M-001-005, NSTC 112-2124-M-001-014); the US National Science Foundation (NSF; grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, OIA-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1555365, AST-1614868, AST-1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1726637, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1952099, AST-2034306, AST-2205908, AST-2307887); NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship (AST-1903847); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053, 12192220, 12192223, 12273022, 12325302, 12303021); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC; including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, Brain Pool Program: 2019H1D3A1A01102564, Basic Research Support grant 2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255, 2022R1F1A1075115); Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships; NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation; Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017\u201300648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) grants (Individual CEEC program\u20145th edition, https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04106/2020 , PTDC/FIS-AST/3041/2020, CERN/FIS-PAR/0024/2021, 2022.04560.PTDC); the Princeton Gravity Initiative; the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-108995GB-C21, PID2020-117404GB-C21); the University of Pretoria for financial aid in the provision of the new Cluster Server nodes and SuperMicro (USA) for a SEEDING GRANT approved toward these nodes in 2020; the Shanghai Municipality orientation program of basic research for international scientists (grant No. 22JC1410600); the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch (JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the \u201CCenter of Excellence Severo Ochoa\u201D award for the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Andaluc\u00EDa (SEV-2017\u20130709); the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation grant CEX2021-001131-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; the Spinoza Prize SPI 78\u2013409; the South African Research Chairs Initiative through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO; grant ID 77948), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) of South Africa; the Swedish Research Council (VR); the Taplin Fellowship; the Toray Science Foundation; the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (grant no. ST/X508329/1); the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE, contract 89233218CNA000001); and the YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship. 058 We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01154.V, ADS/JAO.ALMA#2011.0.00010.E, and ADS/JAO.ALMA#2011.0.00012.E. See https://almascience.nrao.edu/alma-data/eht-2018 for more detail and access to the data. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725; the ASTROVIVES FEDER infrastructure, with project code IDIFEDER-2021-086; and the computing cluster of the Shanghai VLBI correlator supported by the Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance in China. We also thank the Center for Computational Astrophysics, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. This work was supported by FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo) under grant 2021/01183-8. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (grants AST-1935980, AST-1743747, AST-1440254), an ALMA Cycle 5 North America Development Award, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (awards GBMF3561, GBMF5278, and GBMF10423), and a generous gift from the Deepak Raghavan Family Foundation. Work on this project was conducted in part at the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University (funded through grants 60477, 61479, and 62286 from the John Templeton Foundation and grant GBMF8273 from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation). This work is partly based on observations carried out with the IRAM 30 m telescope and the NOEMA Interferometer. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany), and IGN (Spain). The IRAM NOEMA phasing project was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant \u201CBlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes\u201D (grant 610058). The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The SMA gratefully acknowledges the efforts of its staff for supporting these observations, including those of the operator on duty, R. Howie. This publication is based on data acquired with the APEX. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie, the European Southern Observatory, and the Onsala Space Observatory. This work was an activity external to JPL, and effort by A.R. was not in their capacity as an employee of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. The GLT is supported by the the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (103-2119-M-001-010-MY2, 105-2119-M-001-042, 106-2119-M-001-013, 107-2119-M-001-041, 108-2112-M-001-048, 109-2124-M-001-005, 110-2124-M-001-007) and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of Taiwan (111-2124-M-001-005, 112-2124-M-001-014).
PY - 2024/9/1
Y1 - 2024/9/1
N2 - The first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections at 870 μm wavelength (345 GHz frequency) are reported, achieving the highest diffraction-limited angular resolution yet obtained from the surface of the Earth and the highest-frequency example of the VLBI technique to date. These include strong detections for multiple sources observed on intercontinental baselines between telescopes in Chile, Hawaii, and Spain, obtained during observations in 2018 October. The longest-baseline detections approach 11 Gλ, corresponding to an angular resolution, or fringe spacing, of 19 μas. The Allan deviation of the visibility phase at 870 μm is comparable to that at 1.3 mm on the relevant integration timescales between 2 and 100 s. The detections confirm that the sensitivity and signal chain stability of stations in the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array are suitable for VLBI observations at 870 μm. Operation at this short wavelength, combined with anticipated enhancements of the EHT, will lead to a unique high angular resolution instrument for black hole studies, capable of resolving the event horizons of supermassive black holes in both space and time.
AB - The first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections at 870 μm wavelength (345 GHz frequency) are reported, achieving the highest diffraction-limited angular resolution yet obtained from the surface of the Earth and the highest-frequency example of the VLBI technique to date. These include strong detections for multiple sources observed on intercontinental baselines between telescopes in Chile, Hawaii, and Spain, obtained during observations in 2018 October. The longest-baseline detections approach 11 Gλ, corresponding to an angular resolution, or fringe spacing, of 19 μas. The Allan deviation of the visibility phase at 870 μm is comparable to that at 1.3 mm on the relevant integration timescales between 2 and 100 s. The detections confirm that the sensitivity and signal chain stability of stations in the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array are suitable for VLBI observations at 870 μm. Operation at this short wavelength, combined with anticipated enhancements of the EHT, will lead to a unique high angular resolution instrument for black hole studies, capable of resolving the event horizons of supermassive black holes in both space and time.
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85202531242&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3847/1538-3881/ad5bdb
DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/ad5bdb
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85202531242
SN - 0004-6256
VL - 168
JO - Astronomical Journal
JF - Astronomical Journal
IS - 3
M1 - 130
ER -