@article{b80bcb850ebe4204b1704f92db2d633a,
title = "Extensive regional variation in the phenology of insects and their response to temperature across North America",
abstract = "Climate change models often assume similar responses to temperatures across the range of a species, but local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity can lead plants and animals to respond differently to temperature in different parts of their range. To date, there have been few tests of this assumption at the scale of continents, so it is unclear if this is a large-scale problem. Here, we examined the assumption that insect taxa show similar responses to temperature at 96 sites in grassy habitats across North America. We sampled insects with Malaise traps during 2019–2021 (N = 1041 samples) and examined the biomass of insects in relation to temperature and time of season. Our samples mostly contained Diptera (33%), Lepidoptera (19%), Hymenoptera (18%), and Coleoptera (10%). We found strong regional differences in the phenology of insects and their response to temperature, even within the same taxonomic group, habitat type, and time of season. For example, the biomass of nematoceran flies increased across the season in the central part of the continent, but it only showed a small increase in the Northeast and a seasonal decline in the Southeast and West. At a smaller scale, insect biomass at different traps operating on the same days was correlated up to ~75 km apart. Large-scale geographic and phenological variation in insect biomass and abundance has not been studied well, and it is a major source of controversy in previous analyses of insect declines that have aggregated studies from different locations and time periods. Our study illustrates that large-scale predictions about changes in insect populations, and their causes, will need to incorporate regional and taxonomic differences in the response to temperature.",
keywords = "INHS, biomass, population, phenology, Malaise trap, insect diversity, climate change",
author = "Dunn, {Peter O.} and Insiyaa Ahmed and Elise Armstrong and Natasha Barlow and Barnard, {Malcolm A.} and Marc B{\'e}lisle and Benson, {Thomas J.} and Berzins, {Lisha L.} and Boynton, {Chloe K.} and Brown, {T. Anders} and Melissa Cady and Kyle Cameron and Xuan Chen and Clark, {Robert G.} and Clotfelter, {Ethan D.} and Kara Cromwell and Dawson, {Russell D.} and Elsie Denton and Andrew Forbes and Kendrick Fowler and Fraser, {Kevin C.} and Gandhi, {Kamal J.K.} and Dany Garant and Megan Hiebert and Claire Houchen and Jennifer Houtz and Imlay, {Tara L.} and Inouye, {Brian D.} and Inouye, {David W.} and Michelle Jackson and Jacobson, {Andrew P.} and Kristin Jayd and Christy Juteau and Andrea Kautz and Caroline Killian and Elliot Kinnear and Komatsu, {Kimberly J.} and Kirk Larsen and Andrew Laughlin and Valerie Levesque-Beaudin and Ryan Leys and Elizabeth Long and Lougheed, {Stephen C.} and Stuart Mackenzie and Jen Marangelo and Colleen Miller and Brenda Molano-Flores and Morrissey, {Christy A.} and Emony Nicholls and Orlofske, {Jessica M.} and Pearse, {Ian S.} and Fanie Pelletier and Pitt, {Amber L.} and Poston, {Joseph P.} and Racke, {Danielle M.} and Randall, {Jeannine A.} and Richardson, {Matthew L.} and Olivia Rooney and Ruegg, {A. Rose} and Scott Rush and Ryan, {Sadie J.} and Mitchell Sadowski and Ivana Schoepf and Lindsay Schulz and Brenna Shea and Sheehan, {Thomas N.} and Lynn Siefferman and Derek Sikes and Mark Stanback and Styrsky, {John D.} and Taff, {Conor C.} and Uehling, {Jennifer J.} and Kathleen Uvino and Thomas Wassmer and Kathryn Weglarz and Megan Weinberger and John Wenzel and Whittingham, {Linda A.}",
note = "Funding Information: We wish to thank the landowners who allowed us to collect using our Malaise traps, including Bruce Bolin (ON), and Scott Innes of Blythe Dale Sand and Gravel (ON), B. Bryant Farms (MS), Campbell Valley Park (BC), Carpenter and Pettit Farms (MI, Champaign County Forest Preserve District and the University of Illinois Natural Areas (IL), Cornell University Botanic Gardens (NY), Lake View Park Board of Commissioners (NC), Lonesome Fir Ranch and City of Prince George (BC), Martin Van Buren National Historic Site (NY), Northern Great Basin Experimental Range and the Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center (OR), Powdermill Nature Reserve (PA), Queen's University Biological Station (ON), Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (CO), University of Guelph Arboretum (ON), University of Iowa Ashton Prairie Living Laboratory (IA), University of Lynchburg Claytor Nature Center (VA), University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee Field Station (WI), and Wilkus Farm Preserved Open Space, Town of Wethersfield (CT). We also thank the assistants and volunteers who helped collect and process insect samples, including Caitlin Arlotta, Shelley Bennett, Emily Bornestig, Christian Buchanan‐Fraser, Katie Collins, Isabel Davis, Kira Dayton, Claire Ducharme, Chelsea Eby, Steven Esau, Emily Freilich, Paul Gehl, Brian Hidde, Callie Hundley, Benjamin Kuznicki, Andie Mazer, Gretchen Meyer, Michael Minard, Andrew Mitchell, Caitlin Mitchell, Ryan Nicol, Jacob Olichney, Rebecca Prather, Emily Ruder, Brielle Shortreed, Cheyenne Smith, Benjamin Sterrett, Jennifer Styrsky, Ron Tagye, Kailey Tobin, and Aija White. Birds Canada wishes to thank Yolanda Morbey and Greg Mitchell for project design, implementation, and ongoing support, and Michelle Jackson thanks Christine Bishop for the purchase of Malaise traps. Financial support was provided by a team grant from Fonds de recherche du Qu{\'e}bec—Nature et Technologies to Marc B{\'e}lisle, Dany Garant, and Fanie Pelletier, National Science Foundation (grant DEB‐2016749) to Brian D. Inouye and David W. Inouye, Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC, Discovery grant and Steacie Memorial Fellowship to Fanie Pelletier), Canada Foundation for Innovation and British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund grants to Russell D. Dawson, Province of Ontario to Birds Canada, Trinity College to Amber L. Pitt, USDA Agricultural Research Service to Elsie Denton, USDA‐NIFA Agricultural Experiment Station funding to Matthew L. Richardson, and the University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee SURF program to Peter O. Dunn. Any use of trade, firm or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government or any funders. Some weather data were provided by NOAA (through Howard University): http://ncas-m.org/research/data-management/ . We thank Eliza Grames and David Wagner for their helpful comments on the manuscript. ) Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors. Ecology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Ecological Society of America.",
year = "2023",
month = may,
doi = "10.1002/ecy.4036",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "104",
journal = "Ecology",
issn = "0012-9658",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "5",
}