Exploring the interplay of stability and function in protein evolution: New methods further elucidate why protein stability is necessarily so tenuous and stability-increasing mutations compromise biological function

A new split β-lactamase assay promises experimental testing of the interplay of protein stability and function. Proteins are sufficiently stable to act effectively within cells. However, mutations generally destabilize structure, with effects on free energy that are comparable to the free energy of folding. Assays of protein functionality and stability in vivo enable a quick study of factors that influence these properties in response to targeted mutations. These assays can help molecular engineering but can also be used to target important questions, including why most proteins are marginally stable, how mutations alter structural makeup, and how thermodynamics, function, and environment shape molecular change. Processes of self-organization and natural selection are determinants of stability and function. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics provides crucial concepts, e.g., cells as emergent energy-dissipating entities that do work and build their own parts, and a framework to study the sculpting role of evolution at different scales.