TY - JOUR
T1 - Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Persistent Nausea among Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Illinois Kids Development Study (I-KIDS)
AU - Ryva, Brad A.
AU - Wylie, Blair J.
AU - Aung, Max T.
AU - Schantz, Susan L.
AU - Strakovsky, Rita S.
N1 - B.A.R.: conceptualization, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—reviewing & editing; B.J.W.: writing—reviewing & editing; M.T.A.: writing—reviewing & editing; S.L.S.: funding acquisition, project administration, methodology, resources, writing—reviewing & editing; R.S.S.: funding acquisition, project administration, resources, conceptualization, methodology, project administration, writing—original draft, writing – reviewing & editing. Biological specimens from the Carle Foundation Hospital were used in this study. We thank contributors, patients, and their families whose help and participation made this work possible. This publication was made possible by the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS) grants ES024795, ES032227, ES022848, ES007255; the US Environmental Protection Agency grant RD83543401; and National Institute of Health Office of the Director grant UHOD023272. M. T. Aung was supported in part by NIEHS core center grant P30ES007048. This project was also supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Michigan AgBioResearch, and by grant number P30DK020572 (MDRC) from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of the US EPA or NIH. Further, the US EPA does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the CDC. The use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the CDC, the Public Health Service, or the US Department of Health and Human Services.
PY - 2025/5
Y1 - 2025/5
N2 - BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are exposed to numerous endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Pregnancy-related nausea likely has hormonal etiology and may persist beyond the first trimester. OBJECTIVES: Therefore, we aimed to determine the relationship between EDC biomarkers and pregnancy nausea characteristics. METHODS: Illinois Kids Development Study (I-KIDS) pregnant women (n = 467) reported nausea symptoms monthly from conception to delivery. We categorized women as never having nausea (9%) or as having typical (ends by 17 wk gestation; 42%), persistent (ends after 17 wk gestation; 25%), or irregular (24%) nausea. Women provided five urine samples across pregnancy, which we pooled and analyzed for phthalate/replacement, phenol, and triclocarban biomarkers. Using covariate-adjusted logistic regression, we evaluated relationships of EDCs with nausea and used quantile-based g-computation (QGComp) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to evaluate joint associations of EDCs with nausea symptoms. We also considered differences in associations by fetal sex. RESULTS: Only the sum of urinary biomarkers of di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (RDiNCH) was associated with higher risk of persistent nausea compared to typical nausea [odds ratio (OR) = 1:18; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.37] in all women. However, using QGComp, a 10% higher concentration of the EDC mixture was associated with 14% higher risk of persistent nausea [relative risk (RR) = 1:14; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.30], due to RDiNCH, ethylparaben, and the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (RDEHP) metabolites. Similarly, using BMKR, the EDC mixture was associated with greater odds of persistent nausea in all women. In women carrying male offspring, ethylparaben was associated with persistent nausea, and a 10% higher concentration of the QGComp mixture was associated with 26% higher risk of persistent nausea (RR = 1:26; 95% CI:1.13, 1.41), driven by ethylparaben and RDiNCH. Consistently, using BKMR, EDCs were positively associated with persistent nausea in women carrying males. We did not identify associations between EDC biomarkers and persistent nausea in women carrying females or between EDC biomarkers and other nausea patterns.
AB - BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are exposed to numerous endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Pregnancy-related nausea likely has hormonal etiology and may persist beyond the first trimester. OBJECTIVES: Therefore, we aimed to determine the relationship between EDC biomarkers and pregnancy nausea characteristics. METHODS: Illinois Kids Development Study (I-KIDS) pregnant women (n = 467) reported nausea symptoms monthly from conception to delivery. We categorized women as never having nausea (9%) or as having typical (ends by 17 wk gestation; 42%), persistent (ends after 17 wk gestation; 25%), or irregular (24%) nausea. Women provided five urine samples across pregnancy, which we pooled and analyzed for phthalate/replacement, phenol, and triclocarban biomarkers. Using covariate-adjusted logistic regression, we evaluated relationships of EDCs with nausea and used quantile-based g-computation (QGComp) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to evaluate joint associations of EDCs with nausea symptoms. We also considered differences in associations by fetal sex. RESULTS: Only the sum of urinary biomarkers of di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (RDiNCH) was associated with higher risk of persistent nausea compared to typical nausea [odds ratio (OR) = 1:18; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.37] in all women. However, using QGComp, a 10% higher concentration of the EDC mixture was associated with 14% higher risk of persistent nausea [relative risk (RR) = 1:14; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.30], due to RDiNCH, ethylparaben, and the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (RDEHP) metabolites. Similarly, using BMKR, the EDC mixture was associated with greater odds of persistent nausea in all women. In women carrying male offspring, ethylparaben was associated with persistent nausea, and a 10% higher concentration of the QGComp mixture was associated with 26% higher risk of persistent nausea (RR = 1:26; 95% CI:1.13, 1.41), driven by ethylparaben and RDiNCH. Consistently, using BKMR, EDCs were positively associated with persistent nausea in women carrying males. We did not identify associations between EDC biomarkers and persistent nausea in women carrying females or between EDC biomarkers and other nausea patterns.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105005559534
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105005559534#tab=citedBy
U2 - 10.1289/EHP15547
DO - 10.1289/EHP15547
M3 - Article
C2 - 40163373
AN - SCOPUS:105005559534
SN - 0091-6765
VL - 133
JO - Environmental health perspectives
JF - Environmental health perspectives
IS - 5
ER -