@article{b9603bf41ba84435a8b1705209553c29,
title = "Elegant or Common? Chen Hongshou's Birthday Presentation Pictures and His Professional Status",
author = "Anne Burkus-Chasson",
note = "Funding Information: Aversion of this paper was presented at the Cleveland Museum of Art on May 6, 1988 in the symposium {"}Chinese Painting of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.{"} Work on this revision was completed during my tenure as a J. Paul Getty Postdoctoral Fellow in the History of Art and Humanities in 1992-93. I am grateful to the grant program for its support, and to Timothy Chasson, Ellen Laing, and the late Alexander C. Soper for their comments and criticisms. 1Johnson, 55—67, analyzes the structures of communication and dominance in late imperial China, coordinating an individual's political stature with his place in the literate hierarchy. Thus, within the highly literate and classically educated group, he identifies three graded positions, each with its place in the political system of dominance. See Funding Information: 32 My inference is supported by the use of the term sanlao wugeng in a congratulatory letter sampler from a 17th-century letter-writing manual. Recommended for use in addressing a man who has turned sixty (the age of Chen's aunt), the letter sampler begins: {"}Your great age has completed oneβαζί [sixty-year] period. And in conduct and humaneness you are like the sanlao wugeng of ancient times.{"} An annotation that accompanies this passage refers to Liji, cited in n. 51 above. See Ru mian tan, juan 2, 43a.",
year = "1994",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1080/00043079.1994.10786587",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "76",
pages = "279--300",
journal = "The Art Bulletin",
issn = "0004-3079",
publisher = "College Art Association",
number = "2",
}