@inproceedings{d5c3d436cb9043fc9860483fc27994f4,
title = "Electrical properties and equalization of lithium-ion cells in automotive applications",
abstract = "This paper explores certain key properties of lithium-ion batteries important for automotive applications. Long-term laboratory tests have been conducted to characterize these cells. The results address state-of-charge measurement and characterization, input-output charge efficiency, and needs and results with charge equalization. The results show that open-circuit voltage can provide a basis for state-of-charge measurement. High input-output energy storage efficiency is a key benefit of Li-ion technology - a vital performance parameter for hybrid vehicles. Charge equalization is an important consideration for Li-ion applications, and active equalization is needed to insure safe operation and deliver long life. Present commercial devices vary significantly among manufacturers.",
keywords = "Battery characteristics, Charge equalization, Hybrid automobiles, Lithium-ion batteries",
author = "Kuhn, {Brian T.} and Pitel, {Grant E.} and Krein, {Philip T.}",
year = "2005",
doi = "10.1109/VPPC.2005.1554532",
language = "English (US)",
isbn = "0780392809",
series = "2005 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC",
publisher = "IEEE Computer Society",
pages = "55--59",
booktitle = "2005 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC",
note = "2005 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC ; Conference date: 07-09-2005 Through 09-09-2005",
}