TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of drinking water disinfection by-products in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and sperm
AU - Ali, Aftab
AU - Kurzawa-Zegota, Malgorzata
AU - Najafzadeh, Mojgan
AU - Gopalan, Rajendran C.
AU - Plewa, Michael J.
AU - Anderson, Diana
N1 - Funding Information:
We wish to thank UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) for funding this study (grant number: SA07-0067-2008 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2014.
PY - 2014/12/1
Y1 - 2014/12/1
N2 - Background: Drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) are generated by the chemical disinfection of water and may pose hazards to public health. Two major classes of DBPs are found in finished drinking water: haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs). HAAs are formed following disinfection with chlorine, which reacts with iodide and bromide in the water. Previously the HAAs were shown to be cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic. Objectives: To determine the effect of HAAs in human somatic and germ cells and whether oxidative stress is involved in genotoxic action. In the present study both somatic and germ cells have been examined as peripheral blood lymphocytes and sperm. Methods: The effects of three HAA compounds: iodoacetic acid (IAA), bromoacetic acid (BAA) and chloroacetic acid (CAA) were investigated. After determining appropriate concentration responses, oxygen radical involvement with the antioxidants, butylated hydroxanisole (BHA) and the enzyme catalase, were investigated in the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay under alkaline conditions, >pH 13 and the micronucleus assay. Results: In the Comet assay, BHA and catalase were able to reduce DNA damage in each cell type compared to HAA alone. In the micronucleus assay, micronuclei (MNi) were found in peripheral lymphocytes exposed to all three HAAs and catalase and BHA were in general, able to reduce MNi induction, suggesting oxygen radicals play a role in both assays. Conclusion: These observations are of concern to public health since both human somatic and germ cells show similar genotoxic responses.
AB - Background: Drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) are generated by the chemical disinfection of water and may pose hazards to public health. Two major classes of DBPs are found in finished drinking water: haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs). HAAs are formed following disinfection with chlorine, which reacts with iodide and bromide in the water. Previously the HAAs were shown to be cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic. Objectives: To determine the effect of HAAs in human somatic and germ cells and whether oxidative stress is involved in genotoxic action. In the present study both somatic and germ cells have been examined as peripheral blood lymphocytes and sperm. Methods: The effects of three HAA compounds: iodoacetic acid (IAA), bromoacetic acid (BAA) and chloroacetic acid (CAA) were investigated. After determining appropriate concentration responses, oxygen radical involvement with the antioxidants, butylated hydroxanisole (BHA) and the enzyme catalase, were investigated in the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay under alkaline conditions, >pH 13 and the micronucleus assay. Results: In the Comet assay, BHA and catalase were able to reduce DNA damage in each cell type compared to HAA alone. In the micronucleus assay, micronuclei (MNi) were found in peripheral lymphocytes exposed to all three HAAs and catalase and BHA were in general, able to reduce MNi induction, suggesting oxygen radicals play a role in both assays. Conclusion: These observations are of concern to public health since both human somatic and germ cells show similar genotoxic responses.
KW - Bromoacetic acid (BAA)
KW - Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
KW - CBMN (cytokinesis-block micronucleus) assay
KW - Catalase
KW - Chloroacetic acid (CAA)
KW - Comet assay
KW - Haloacetic acid (HAA)
KW - Iodoacetic acid (IAA)
KW - Micronuclei (MNi)
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U2 - 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.08.003
DO - 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.08.003
M3 - Article
C2 - 25771880
AN - SCOPUS:84912048298
SN - 1386-1964
VL - 770
SP - 136
EP - 143
JO - Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
JF - Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
ER -