@article{df0a2f9973bd4bba959e03ef15c4cd9c,
title = "Dynamic Fluctuations in Maternal Cardiac Vagal Tone Moderate Moment-to-Moment Associations Between Children{\textquoteright}s Negative Behavior and Maternal Emotional Support",
abstract = "Our primary objective was to examine the extent to which moment-to-moment associations between preschool-aged children{\textquoteright}s behavior and maternal emotional support differed for mothers showing different levels of parasympathetic engagement. We used behavioral observations of maternal and child behavior and maternal changes in cardiac vagal tone assessed via respiratory sinus arrhythmia in 15-s intervals during a 5-min challenging puzzle task (N = 121 dyads; 65 girls, Mage = 4.42 years). Results from multilevel models showed that increases in children{\textquoteright}s defeat (e.g., frustration, task withdrawal) coupled with maternal vagal augmentation (an index of social engagement) in a given 15-s interval predicted increases in maternal support in the next interval, whereas increases in children{\textquoteright}s defeat coupled with maternal vagal withdrawal (an index of physiological arousal) in a given 15-s interval did not predict increases in maternal support.",
keywords = "Emotional support, Parent-child interaction, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, Within-person analyses",
author = "Niyantri Ravindran and McElwain, {Nancy L.} and Berry, {Daniel John} and Kramer, {Laurie F}",
note = "Funding Information: This study was supported by funding from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (ILLU-793-362) and the National Science Foundation (SMA-1416971) to Nancy L. McElwain and Daniel Berry. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the USDA, the National Science Foundation, or the academic institutions that the authors are affiliated with. We are grateful to the families who participated in this research. We also thank Andrea Sinele and Jordan Bodway who each played a key role in coordinating and supervising the laboratory visits, Helen Emery and the undergraduate research assistants who assisted with observational coding, and Keri Heilman, Maria Davila, and Xi Chen who assisted with preparing and editing the cardiac data. This study was not preregistered. Data, study materials, and analysis code are available upon request. Preliminary findings from this report were presented at the Society for Research in Child Development in March 2019 Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 American Psychological Association",
year = "2022",
doi = "10.1037/dev0001299",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "58",
pages = "286--296",
journal = "Developmental psychology",
issn = "0012-1649",
publisher = "American Psychological Association",
number = "2",
}