Dictionaries and cultural politics

Dictionaries are an ancient and ubiquitous genre, flourishing wherever and whenever humans flourish, but it's important to remember that dictionaries aren't products of human biology or necessity; they are products of human creativity and community: dictionaries are cultural and therefore political. This chapter explores what it means to understand that simple fact. Dictionaries are partisan systems of ordering words and meanings. They may aim to be universal, but they inevitably emerge from, record, and respond to social moments from particular perspectives. Those perspectives may seek to celebrate or denigrate certain cultural groups, legitimate or suppress certain languages, facilitate social mobility or discrimination. Dictionaries may highlight their cultural positionality as such for political or commercial profit, or they may cast their subjective styles as objective and universal for the same political or commercial profit. In all events, dictionaries end up documenting cultural information in their definitions, usage labels and notes, illustrative examples and quotations, inserts and appendices, and beyond. And, again in all events, dictionaries can have cultural impacts entirely unintended or unanticipated by their makers, running from the positive and life affirming to the dehumanizing and antisocial.