@article{6884e2ced91942e0b16b0b3c65562e6c,
title = "Detecting high-frequency gravitational waves with microwave cavities",
abstract = "We give a detailed treatment of electromagnetic signals generated by gravitational waves (GWs) in resonant cavity experiments. Our investigation corrects and builds upon previous studies by carefully accounting for the gauge dependence of relevant quantities. We work in a preferred frame for the laboratory, the proper detector frame, and show how to resum short-wavelength effects to provide analytic results that are exact for GWs of arbitrary wavelength. This formalism allows us to firmly establish that, contrary to previous claims, cavity experiments designed for the detection of axion dark matter only need to reanalyze existing data to search for high-frequency GWs with strains as small as h∼10-22-10-21. We also argue that directional detection is possible in principle using readout of multiple cavity modes. Further improvements in sensitivity are expected with cutting-edge advances in superconducting cavity technology.",
author = "Asher Berlin and Diego Blas and D'agnolo, {Raffaele Tito} and Ellis, {Sebastian A.R.} and Roni Harnik and Yonatan Kahn and Jan Sch{\"u}tte-Engel",
note = "We thank Masha Baryakhtar, Caterina Braggio, Anna Grassellino, Alex Millar, Jonathan Ouellet, Sam Posen, and Nicolas Yunes for helpful conversations. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems Center (SQMS) under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. The work of S. A. R. E. was supported in part by SNF Ambizione Grant No. PZ00P2_193322, New frontiers from sub-eV to super-TeV. The work of Y. K. and J. S. E. is supported in part by DOE Grant No. DE-SC0015655. D. B. is supported by a “Ayuda Beatriz Galindo Senior” from the Spanish “Ministerio de Universidades,” Grant No. BG20/00228. I. F. A. E. is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. The research of D. B. leading to these results has received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020–115845 GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). D. B., R. T. D., and S. A. R. E. thank the Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics (GGI, Florence) for hospitality during the research program on “New Physics from The Sky.”",
year = "2022",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1103/PhysRevD.105.116011",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "105",
journal = "Physical Review D",
issn = "2470-0010",
publisher = "American Physical Society",
number = "11",
}