Abstract
The nuclear equation of state (EOS) is at the center of numerous theoretical and experimental efforts in nuclear physics. With advances in microscopic theories for nuclear interactions, the availability of experiments probing nuclear matter under conditions not reached before, endeavors to develop sophisticated and reliable transport simulations to interpret these experiments, and the advent of multi-messenger astronomy, the next decade will bring new opportunities for determining the nuclear matter EOS, elucidating its dependence on density, temperature, and isospin asymmetry. Among controlled terrestrial experiments, collisions of heavy nuclei at intermediate beam energies (from a few tens of MeV/nucleon to about 25 GeV/nucleon in the fixed-target frame) probe the widest ranges of baryon density and temperature, enabling studies of nuclear matter from a few tenths to about 5 times the nuclear saturation density and for temperatures from a few to well above a hundred MeV, respectively. Collisions of neutron-rich isotopes further bring the opportunity to probe effects due to the isospin asymmetry. However, capitalizing on the enormous scientific effort aimed at uncovering the dense nuclear matter EOS, both at RHIC and at FRIB as well as at other international facilities, depends on the continued development of state-of-the-art hadronic transport simulations. This white paper highlights the essential role that heavy-ion collision experiments and hadronic transport simulations play in understanding strong interactions in dense nuclear matter, with an emphasis on how these efforts can be used together with microscopic approaches and neutron star studies to uncover the nuclear EOS.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Article number | 104080 |
| Journal | Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics |
| Volume | 134 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jan 2024 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Equation of state
- Hadronic transport
- Heavy-ion collisions
- Nuclear matter
- Symmetry energy
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Nuclear and High Energy Physics
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In: Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 134, 104080, 01.2024.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Dense nuclear matter equation of state from heavy-ion collisions
AU - Sorensen, Agnieszka
AU - Agarwal, Kshitij
AU - Brown, Kyle W.
AU - Chajęcki, Zbigniew
AU - Danielewicz, Paweł
AU - Drischler, Christian
AU - Gandolfi, Stefano
AU - Holt, Jeremy W.
AU - Kaminski, Matthias
AU - Ko, Che Ming
AU - Kumar, Rohit
AU - Li, Bao An
AU - Lynch, William G.
AU - McIntosh, Alan B.
AU - Newton, William G.
AU - Pratt, Scott
AU - Savchuk, Oleh
AU - Stefaniak, Maria
AU - Tews, Ingo
AU - Tsang, Man Yee Betty
AU - Vogt, Ramona
AU - Wolter, Hermann
AU - Zbroszczyk, Hanna
AU - Abbasi, Navid
AU - Aichelin, Jörg
AU - Andronic, Anton
AU - Bass, Steffen A.
AU - Becattini, Francesco
AU - Blaschke, David
AU - Bleicher, Marcus
AU - Blume, Christoph
AU - Bratkovskaya, Elena
AU - Brown, B. Alex
AU - Brown, David A.
AU - Camaiani, Alberto
AU - Casini, Giovanni
AU - Chatziioannou, Katerina
AU - Chbihi, Abdelouahad
AU - Colonna, Maria
AU - Cozma, Mircea Dan
AU - Dexheimer, Veronica
AU - Dong, Xin
AU - Dore, Travis
AU - Du, Lipei
AU - Dueñas, José A.
AU - Elfner, Hannah
AU - Florkowski, Wojciech
AU - Fujimoto, Yuki
AU - Furnstahl, Richard J.
AU - Gade, Alexandra
AU - Galatyuk, Tetyana
AU - Gale, Charles
AU - Geurts, Frank
AU - Grozdanov, Sašo
AU - Hagel, Kris
AU - Harris, Steven P.
AU - Haxton, Wick
AU - Heinz, Ulrich
AU - Heller, Michal P.
AU - Hen, Or
AU - Hergert, Heiko
AU - Herrmann, Norbert
AU - Huang, Huan Zhong
AU - Huang, Xu Guang
AU - Ikeno, Natsumi
AU - Inghirami, Gabriele
AU - Jankowski, Jakub
AU - Jia, Jiangyong
AU - Jiménez, José C.
AU - Kapusta, Joseph
AU - Kardan, Behruz
AU - Karpenko, Iurii
AU - Keane, Declan
AU - Kharzeev, Dmitri
AU - Kugler, Andrej
AU - Le Fèvre, Arnaud
AU - Lee, Dean
AU - Liu, Hong
AU - Lisa, Michael A.
AU - Llope, William J.
AU - Lombardo, Ivano
AU - Lorenz, Manuel
AU - Marchi, Tommaso
AU - McLerran, Larry
AU - Mosel, Ulrich
AU - Motornenko, Anton
AU - Müller, Berndt
AU - Napolitani, Paolo
AU - Natowitz, Joseph B.
AU - Nazarewicz, Witold
AU - Noronha, Jorge
AU - Noronha-Hostler, Jacquelyn
AU - Odyniec, Grażyna
AU - Papakonstantinou, Panagiota
AU - Paulínyová, Zuzana
AU - Piekarewicz, Jorge
AU - Pisarski, Robert D.
AU - Plumberg, Christopher
AU - Prakash, Madappa
AU - Randrup, Jørgen
AU - Ratti, Claudia
AU - Rau, Peter
AU - Reddy, Sanjay
AU - Schmidt, Hans Rudolf
AU - Russotto, Paolo
AU - Ryblewski, Radoslaw
AU - Schäfer, Andreas
AU - Schenke, Björn
AU - Sen, Srimoyee
AU - Senger, Peter
AU - Seto, Richard
AU - Shen, Chun
AU - Sherrill, Bradley
AU - Singh, Mayank
AU - Skokov, Vladimir
AU - Spaliński, Michał
AU - Steinheimer, Jan
AU - Stephanov, Mikhail
AU - Stroth, Joachim
AU - Sturm, Christian
AU - Sun, Kai Jia
AU - Tang, Aihong
AU - Torrieri, Giorgio
AU - Trautmann, Wolfgang
AU - Verde, Giuseppe
AU - Vovchenko, Volodymyr
AU - Wada, Ryoichi
AU - Wang, Fuqiang
AU - Wang, Gang
AU - Werner, Klaus
AU - Xu, Nu
AU - Xu, Zhangbu
AU - Yee, Ho Ung
AU - Yennello, Sherry
AU - Yin, Yi
N1 - This White Paper has benefited from talks and discussions at the workshop on Dense nuclear matter equation of state in heavy-ion collisions that took place at the Institute for Nuclear Theory (INT), University of Washington (December 5–9, 2022) [900]. We thank the INT for its kind hospitality and stimulating research environment. K.A. thanks Hans-Rudolf Schmidt and Arnaud Le Fèvre, and M.S. thanks Daniel Cebra for insightful discussions. P.D. and B.T. thank Abdou Chbihi, Maria Colonna, Arnaud Le Fèvre, and Giuseppe Verde for discussing complementary international efforts. A.S. thanks Jörg Aichelin, David Blaschke, Elena Bratkovskaya, Maria Colonna, Dan Cozma, Wick Haxton, Natsumi Ikeno, Gabriele Inghirami, Behruz Kardan, Declan Keane, Arnaud Le Fèvre, William Llope, Ulrich Mosel, Berndt Müller, Witold Nazarewicz, Grażyna Odyniec, Panagiota Papakonstantinou, Ralf Rapp, Peter Rau, Björn Schenke, Srimoyee Sen, Chun Shen, Christian Sturm, Giorgio Torrieri, and Wolfgang Trautmann for insightful discussions and comments on Sections 1–4. K.A. and M.S. thank Peter Senger and Richard Seto for helpful comments on the draft of Section 3.1. M.K. thanks Navid Abbasi, David Blaschke, Casey Cartwright, Saso Grozdanov, Ulrich Heinz, Gabriele Inghirami, Michal P. Heller, Jorge Noronha, Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler, Dirk Rischke, Michał Spaliński, Misha Stephanov, and Giorgio Torrieri for helpful comments on Section 5.2. This work was supported in part by the INT's U.S. Department of Energy grant No. DE-FG02-00ER41132. K.A. acknowledges support from the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research) – Project-ID 05P19VTFC1 and Helmholtz Graduate School for Hadron and Ion Research (HGS-HIRe). Z.C. acknowledges support from the U.S. National Science Foundation grant PHYS-2110218. P.D. acknowledges support by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Grant DE-SC0019209. S.G. and I.T. acknowledge support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics, under contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396, and by the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research, Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) NUCLEI program; S.G. is also supported by the Department of Energy Early Career Award Program, while the work of I.T. is additionally supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program of Los Alamos National Laboratory under project number 20220541ECR. J.W.H. is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants PHY1652199, PHY2209318, and OAC2103680. M.K. is supported, in part, by the U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-SC0012447. C.-M.K. acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy under Award No. DE-SC0015266. R.K. W.G.L. and M.B.T. are supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-2209145. B.-A.L. is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Award Number DE-SC0013702, and the CUSTIPEN (China–U.S. Theory Institute for Physics with Exotic Nuclei) under the U.S. Department of Energy Grant No. DE-SC0009971. A.B.M. acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-FG02-93ER40773. W.G.N. is supported by the NASA grant 80NSSC18K1019 and the National Science Foundation grant 2050099. S.P. and O.S. are supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, grant no. DE-FG02-03ER41259. M.S. is supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-SC0020651. R.V. acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. H.W. acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy EXC-2094-390783311. H.Z. is supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, under grants No. 2021/41/B/ST2/02409 and 2020/38/E/ST2/00019, and by the Warsaw University of Technology project grants IDUB-POB-FWEiTE-3 and IDUB-POB POST-DOC PW. Section 1 is primarily written by A.S. with input from P.D. B.-A.L. W.G.L. S.P, and M.B.T. Section 2.1 is primarily written by P.D. A.S. and H.W. Section 2.2 is primarily written by C.D. S.G. J.W.H. and I.T. Section 2.3 is primarily written by W.G.N. Section 3.1 is primarily written by K.A. M.S, and H.Z. Section 3.2 is primarily written by K.W.B. Z.C. R.K. A.B.M. and M.B.T. Section 4 is primarily written by W.G.N. and M.B.T. Section 5.1 is primarily written by R.V. and H.W. Section 5.2 is primarily written by M.K. Section 6 is primarily written by B.-A.L. All primary authors participated in discussions and provided in-depth comments on all versions of the manuscript. A.S. is the primary editor of the manuscript. The list of authors starts with the primary editor, followed by primary authors listed in alphabetical order, which are then followed by endorsing authors likewise listed in alphabetical order. The primary authors provided the content of this White Paper, with individual contributions outlined above. The endorsing authors are members of the nuclear physics community who support the message of the White Paper. Many of the endorsing authors provided extensive comments and valuable suggestions based on the first public version of the manuscript. This work was supported in part by the INT’s U.S. Department of Energy grant No. DE-FG02-00ER41132 . K.A. acknowledges support from the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research) – Project-ID 05P19VTFC1 and Helmholtz Graduate School for Hadron and Ion Research (HGS-HIRe) . Z.C. acknowledges support from the U.S. National Science Foundation grant PHYS-2110218 . P.D. acknowledges support by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science , under Grant DE-SC0019209 . S.G. and I.T. acknowledge support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics , under contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396 , and by the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research, Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) NUCLEI program ; S.G. is also supported by the Department of Energy Early Career Award Program , while the work of I.T. is additionally supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program of Los Alamos National Laboratory under project number 20220541ECR. J.W.H. is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants PHY1652199 , PHY2209318 , and OAC2103680 . M.K. is supported, in part, by the U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-SC0012447 . C.-M.K. acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy under Award No. DE-SC0015266 . R.K., W.G.L., and M.B.T. are supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-2209145 . B.-A.L. is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science , under Award Number DE-SC0013702 , and the CUSTIPEN (China–U.S. Theory Institute for Physics with Exotic Nuclei) under the U.S. Department of Energy Grant No. DE-SC0009971 . A.B.M. acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-FG02-93ER40773 . W.G.N. is supported by the NASA grant 80NSSC18K1019 and the National Science Foundation grant 2050099 . S.P. and O.S. are supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science , grant no. DE-FG02-03ER41259 . M.S. is supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-SC0020651 . R.V. acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 . H.W. acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC-2094-390783311 . H.Z. is supported by the National Science Centre, Poland , under grants No. 2021/41/B/ST2/02409 and 2020/38/E/ST2/00019 , and by the Warsaw University of Technology project grants IDUB-POB-FWEiTE-3 and IDUB-POB POST-DOC PW.
PY - 2024/1
Y1 - 2024/1
N2 - The nuclear equation of state (EOS) is at the center of numerous theoretical and experimental efforts in nuclear physics. With advances in microscopic theories for nuclear interactions, the availability of experiments probing nuclear matter under conditions not reached before, endeavors to develop sophisticated and reliable transport simulations to interpret these experiments, and the advent of multi-messenger astronomy, the next decade will bring new opportunities for determining the nuclear matter EOS, elucidating its dependence on density, temperature, and isospin asymmetry. Among controlled terrestrial experiments, collisions of heavy nuclei at intermediate beam energies (from a few tens of MeV/nucleon to about 25 GeV/nucleon in the fixed-target frame) probe the widest ranges of baryon density and temperature, enabling studies of nuclear matter from a few tenths to about 5 times the nuclear saturation density and for temperatures from a few to well above a hundred MeV, respectively. Collisions of neutron-rich isotopes further bring the opportunity to probe effects due to the isospin asymmetry. However, capitalizing on the enormous scientific effort aimed at uncovering the dense nuclear matter EOS, both at RHIC and at FRIB as well as at other international facilities, depends on the continued development of state-of-the-art hadronic transport simulations. This white paper highlights the essential role that heavy-ion collision experiments and hadronic transport simulations play in understanding strong interactions in dense nuclear matter, with an emphasis on how these efforts can be used together with microscopic approaches and neutron star studies to uncover the nuclear EOS.
AB - The nuclear equation of state (EOS) is at the center of numerous theoretical and experimental efforts in nuclear physics. With advances in microscopic theories for nuclear interactions, the availability of experiments probing nuclear matter under conditions not reached before, endeavors to develop sophisticated and reliable transport simulations to interpret these experiments, and the advent of multi-messenger astronomy, the next decade will bring new opportunities for determining the nuclear matter EOS, elucidating its dependence on density, temperature, and isospin asymmetry. Among controlled terrestrial experiments, collisions of heavy nuclei at intermediate beam energies (from a few tens of MeV/nucleon to about 25 GeV/nucleon in the fixed-target frame) probe the widest ranges of baryon density and temperature, enabling studies of nuclear matter from a few tenths to about 5 times the nuclear saturation density and for temperatures from a few to well above a hundred MeV, respectively. Collisions of neutron-rich isotopes further bring the opportunity to probe effects due to the isospin asymmetry. However, capitalizing on the enormous scientific effort aimed at uncovering the dense nuclear matter EOS, both at RHIC and at FRIB as well as at other international facilities, depends on the continued development of state-of-the-art hadronic transport simulations. This white paper highlights the essential role that heavy-ion collision experiments and hadronic transport simulations play in understanding strong interactions in dense nuclear matter, with an emphasis on how these efforts can be used together with microscopic approaches and neutron star studies to uncover the nuclear EOS.
KW - Equation of state
KW - Hadronic transport
KW - Heavy-ion collisions
KW - Nuclear matter
KW - Symmetry energy
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85176272683
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85176272683&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104080
DO - 10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104080
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85176272683
SN - 0146-6410
VL - 134
JO - Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
JF - Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
M1 - 104080
ER -