@article{f0b000837c3248d39bc8f0343e909a30,
title = "Degradation Mechanisms of Concrete Due to Water Flow in Cracks of Prestressed Railroad Sleepers under Cyclic Loading",
abstract = "Visual inspection and field experience from concrete railroad sleepers (crossties) provide evidence that cyclic loading of train axles accelerates their degradation in areas of high precipitation. Because prestressing forces close flexural cracks after every load application, this repetitive motion generates water flow within cracks. In this study, multiple mechanisms are systematically investigated through laboratory experimentation to understand the deterioration of concrete in cracked prestressed beams exposed to moisture and under cyclic loading. Results identified abrasion as the leading degradation mechanism. High hydraulic pressures, cavitation, and leaching damage are also investigated but seem less likely to govern this problem.",
author = "{C{\'e}sar Bastos}, Josu{\'e} and Dersch, {Marcus S.} and Edwards, {J. Riley}",
note = "Funding Information: This research effort is funded by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), part of the USDOT. This work was also supported by the National University Rail Center, a US Department of Transportation Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology Tier 1 University Transportation Center. The material in this paper represents the position of the authors and not necessarily that of the sponsors. The authors are grateful for the comments of Prof. Willian Gamble and his contribution to the derivation of an empirical equation for the stress-strain behavior of prestressing tendons. The authors also would like to acknowledge the following industry partners: Union Pacific Railroad; BNSF Railway; National Railway Passenger Corporation (Amtrak); Progress Rail Services, Inc.; Gutanna Technologies; Hanson Professional Services, Inc.; and CXT Concrete Ties, Inc., an LB Foster Company. J. Riley Edwards was supported in part by grants to the University of Illinois Rail Transportation and Engineering Center (RailTEC) from CN and Hanson Professional Services, Inc. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.",
year = "2022",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004144",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "34",
journal = "Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering",
issn = "0899-1561",
publisher = "American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)",
number = "4",
}