@inproceedings{7d7194697155415a8a28dbc07fe2662d,
title = "CROW: A low-cost substrate for improving DRAM performance, energy efficiency, and reliability",
abstract = "DRAM has been the dominant technology for architecting main memory for decades. Recent trends in multi-core system design and large-dataset applications have amplified the role of DRAM as a critical system bottleneck. We propose Copy-Row DRAM (CROW), a flexible substrate that enables new mechanisms for improving DRAM performance, energy efficiency, and reliability. We use the CROW substrate to implement 1) a low-cost in-DRAM caching mechanism that lowers DRAM activation latency to frequently-accessed rows by 38% and 2) a mechanism that avoids the use of short-retention-time rows to mitigate the performance and energy overhead of DRAM refresh operations. CROW's flexibility allows the implementation of both mechanisms at the same time. Our evaluations show that the two mechanisms synergistically improve system performance by 20.0% and reduce DRAM energy by 22.3% for memory-intensive four-core workloads, while incurring 0.48% extra area overhead in the DRAM chip and 11.3 KiB storage overhead in the memory controller, and consuming 1.6% of DRAM storage capacity, for one particular implementation.",
keywords = "DRAM, Energy, Memory systems, Performance, Power, Reliability",
author = "Hasan Hassan and Minesh Patel and Kim, {Jeremie S.} and Yaglikci, {A. Giray} and Nandita Vijaykumar and Ghiasi, {Nika Mansouri} and Saugata Ghose and Onur Mutlu",
note = "Funding Information: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the anonymous reviewers for feedback. We thank the SAFARI Research Group members for feedback and the stimulating intellectual environment they provide. We acknowledge the generous gifts provided by our industrial partners: Alibaba, Facebook, Google, Huawei, Intel, Microsoft, and VMware. This research was supported in part by the Semiconductor Research Corporation. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 ACM. Copyright: Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.; 46th International Symposium on Computer Architecture, ISCA 2019 ; Conference date: 22-06-2019 Through 26-06-2019",
year = "2019",
month = jun,
day = "22",
doi = "10.1145/3307650.3322231",
language = "English (US)",
series = "Proceedings - International Symposium on Computer Architecture",
publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",
pages = "129--142",
booktitle = "ISCA 2019 - Proceedings of the 2019 46th International Symposium on Computer Architecture",
address = "United States",
}