TY - JOUR
T1 - Considerations of Environmentally Relevant Test Conditions for Improved Evaluation of Ecological Hazards of Engineered Nanomaterials
AU - Holden, Patricia A.
AU - Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L.
AU - Klaessig, Fred
AU - Turco, Ronald F.
AU - Mortimer, Monika
AU - Hund-Rinke, Kerstin
AU - Cohen Hubal, Elaine A.
AU - Avery, David
AU - Barceló, Damià
AU - Behra, Renata
AU - Cohen, Yoram
AU - Deydier-Stephan, Laurence
AU - Ferguson, P. Lee
AU - Fernandes, Teresa F.
AU - Herr Harthorn, Barbara
AU - Henderson, W. Matthew
AU - Hoke, Robert A.
AU - Hristozov, Danail
AU - Johnston, John M.
AU - Kane, Agnes B.
AU - Kapustka, Larry
AU - Keller, Arturo A.
AU - Lenihan, Hunter S.
AU - Lovell, Wess
AU - Murphy, Catherine J.
AU - Nisbet, Roger M.
AU - Petersen, Elijah J.
AU - Salinas, Edward R.
AU - Scheringer, Martin
AU - Sharma, Monita
AU - Speed, David E.
AU - Sultan, Yasir
AU - Westerhoff, Paul
AU - White, Jason C.
AU - Wiesner, Mark R.
AU - Wong, Eva M.
AU - Xing, Baoshan
AU - Steele Horan, Meghan
AU - Godwin, Hilary A.
AU - Nel, André E.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 American Chemical Society.
PY - 2016/6/21
Y1 - 2016/6/21
N2 - Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly entering the environment with uncertain consequences including potential ecological effects. Various research communities view differently whether ecotoxicological testing of ENMs should be conducted using environmentally relevant concentrations - where observing outcomes is difficult - versus higher ENM doses, where responses are observable. What exposure conditions are typically used in assessing ENM hazards to populations? What conditions are used to test ecosystem-scale hazards? What is known regarding actual ENMs in the environment, via measurements or modeling simulations? How should exposure conditions, ENM transformation, dose, and body burden be used in interpreting biological and computational findings for assessing risks? These questions were addressed in the context of this critical review. As a result, three main recommendations emerged. First, researchers should improve ecotoxicology of ENMs by choosing test end points, duration, and study conditions - including ENM test concentrations - that align with realistic exposure scenarios. Second, testing should proceed via tiers with iterative feedback that informs experiments at other levels of biological organization. Finally, environmental realism in ENM hazard assessments should involve greater coordination among ENM quantitative analysts, exposure modelers, and ecotoxicologists, across government, industry, and academia.
AB - Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly entering the environment with uncertain consequences including potential ecological effects. Various research communities view differently whether ecotoxicological testing of ENMs should be conducted using environmentally relevant concentrations - where observing outcomes is difficult - versus higher ENM doses, where responses are observable. What exposure conditions are typically used in assessing ENM hazards to populations? What conditions are used to test ecosystem-scale hazards? What is known regarding actual ENMs in the environment, via measurements or modeling simulations? How should exposure conditions, ENM transformation, dose, and body burden be used in interpreting biological and computational findings for assessing risks? These questions were addressed in the context of this critical review. As a result, three main recommendations emerged. First, researchers should improve ecotoxicology of ENMs by choosing test end points, duration, and study conditions - including ENM test concentrations - that align with realistic exposure scenarios. Second, testing should proceed via tiers with iterative feedback that informs experiments at other levels of biological organization. Finally, environmental realism in ENM hazard assessments should involve greater coordination among ENM quantitative analysts, exposure modelers, and ecotoxicologists, across government, industry, and academia.
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U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.6b00608
DO - 10.1021/acs.est.6b00608
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27177237
AN - SCOPUS:84975736165
SN - 0013-936X
VL - 50
SP - 6124
EP - 6145
JO - Environmental Science and Technology
JF - Environmental Science and Technology
IS - 12
ER -