@article{3d4b49ab233748489adac0824f335571,
title = "Compliant 3D frameworks instrumented with strain sensors for characterization of millimeter-scale engineered muscle tissues",
abstract = "Tissue-on-chip systems represent promising platforms for monitoring and controlling tissue functions in vitro for various purposes in biomedical research. The two-dimensional (2D) layouts of these constructs constrain the types of interactions that can be studied and limit their relevance to three-dimensional (3D) tissues. The development of 3D electronic scaffolds and microphysiological devices with geometries and functions tailored to realistic 3D tissues has the potential to create important possibilities in advanced sensing and control. This study presents classes of compliant 3D frameworks that incorporate microscale strain sensors for high-sensitivity measurements of contractile forces of engineered optogenetic muscle tissue rings, supported by quantitative simulations. Compared with traditional approaches based on optical microscopy, these 3D mechanical frameworks and sensing systems can measure not only motions but also contractile forces with high accuracy and high temporal resolution. Results of active tension force measurements of engineered muscle rings under different stimulation conditions in long-term monitoring settings for over 5 wk and in response to various chemical and drug doses demonstrate the utility of such platforms in sensing and modulation of muscle and other tissues. Possibilities for applications range from drug screening and disease modeling to biohybrid robotic engineering.",
keywords = "Bioelectronics, Electronic tissue scaffolds, Three-dimensional electronics, Tissue engineering",
author = "Hangbo Zhao and Yongdeok Kim and Heling Wang and Xin Ning and Chenkai Xu and Judy Suh and Mengdi Han and Pagan-Diaz, {Gelson J.} and Wei Lu and Haibo Li and Wubin Bai and Onur Aydin and Yoonseok Park and Jiaojiao Wang and Yao Yao and Yishan He and Saif, {M. Taher A.} and Yonggang Huang and Rashid Bashir and Rogers, {John A.}",
note = "Funding Information: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank Dr. Roger Kamm from Massachusetts Institute of Technology for providing the transfected cell line used in this study. We thank Dr. Qing Tu from Northwestern University for assistance with nano-indentation measurements. R.B. acknowledges support from the NSF Science and Technology Center Emergent Behavior of Integrated Cellular Systems (Grant CBET0939511), NSF Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation C3 SoRo Grant 1830881, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency Interagency Agreement Number 1620298, and NSF Research Traineeship–Miniature Brain Machinery Grant 1735252. Research reported in this publication was also supported by the NIH under Award Number T32EB019944. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Y. Huang acknowledges support from the NSF (Grant CMMI 1635443). M.H. acknowledges support from the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant 2018YFA0108100). This work made use of the Northwestern University Micro/ Nano Fabrication Facility and Scanned Probe Imaging and Development Facility of Northwestern University{\textquoteright}s Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, which have received support from the Soft and Hybrid Nanotechnology Experimental Resource (NSF Grant ECCS-2025633), the International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Northwestern{\textquoteright}s Materials Research Science and Engineering Center program (NSF Grant DMR-1720139). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.",
year = "2021",
month = may,
day = "11",
doi = "10.1073/pnas.2100077118",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "118",
journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
issn = "0027-8424",
publisher = "National Academy of Sciences",
number = "19",
}