TY - JOUR
T1 - Comparison of brain development in sow-reared and artificially reared piglets
AU - Jacob, Reeba M.
AU - Mudd, Austin T.
AU - Alexander, Lindsey S.
AU - Lai, Chron Si
AU - Dilger, Ryan N.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Illinois Imported Swine Research Laboratory farm staff for their contributions. We would like to also thank Drs. Matt Conrad and Brad Sutton for their knowledge and expertise in neuroimaging procedures, as well as the Beckman Imaging Center technicians for helping to acquire our MRI data. Additional thanks are owed to Antoinette Santos and Jasmine Nadhimi for their role in manual brain extractions. Many thanks to Abbott Nutrition for funding this study.This project was funded by Abbott Nutrition.
Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Illinois Imported Swine Research Laboratory farm staff for their contributions. We would like to also thank Drs. Matt Conrad and Brad Sutton for their knowledge and expertise in neuroimaging procedures, as well as the Beckman Imaging Center technicians for helping to acquire our MRI data. Additional thanks are owed to Antoinette Santos and Jasmine Nadhimi for their role in manual brain extractions. Many thanks to Abbott Nutrition for funding this study.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Jacob, Mudd, Alexander, Lai and Dilger.
PY - 2016/9/1
Y1 - 2016/9/1
N2 - Introduction: Provision of adequate nutrients is critical for proper growth and development of the neonate, yet the impact of breastfeeding versus formula feeding on neural maturation has to be fully determined. Using the piglet as a model for the human infant, our objective was to compare neurodevelopment of piglets that were either sow-reared (SR) or artificially reared (AR) in an artificial setting. Methods: Over a 25-day feeding study, piglets (1.5 ± 0.2 kg initial bodyweight) were either SR (n = 10) with ad libitum intake or AR (n = 29) receiving an infant formula modified to mimic the nutritional profile and intake pattern of sow's milk. At study conclusion, piglets were subjected to a standardized set of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures to quantify structure and composition of the brain. Results: Diffusion tensor imaging, an MRI sequence that characterizes brain microstructure, revealed that SR piglets had greater (P < 0.05) average white matter (WM) (generated from a piglet specific brain atlas) fractional anisotropy (FA), and lower (P < 0.05) mean and radial and axial diffusivity values compared with AR piglets, suggesting differences in WM organization. Voxel-based morphometric analysis, a measure of white and gray matter (GM) volumes concentrations, revealed differences (P < 0.05) in bilateral development of GM clusters in the cortical brain regions of the AR piglets compared with SR piglets. Region of interest analysis revealed larger (P < 0.05) whole brain volumes in SR animals compared with AR, and certain subcortical regions to be larger (P < 0.05) as a percentage of whole brain volume in AR piglets compared with SR animals. Quantification of brain metabolites using magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed SR piglets had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of myo-inositol, glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine, and creatine + phosphocreatine compared with AR piglets. However, glutamate + glutamine levels were higher (P < 0.05) in AR piglets when compared with SR animals. Conclusion: Overall, increases in brain metabolite concentrations, coupled with greater FA values in WM tracts and volume differences in GM of specific brain regions, suggest differences in myelin development and cell proliferation in SR versus AR piglets.
AB - Introduction: Provision of adequate nutrients is critical for proper growth and development of the neonate, yet the impact of breastfeeding versus formula feeding on neural maturation has to be fully determined. Using the piglet as a model for the human infant, our objective was to compare neurodevelopment of piglets that were either sow-reared (SR) or artificially reared (AR) in an artificial setting. Methods: Over a 25-day feeding study, piglets (1.5 ± 0.2 kg initial bodyweight) were either SR (n = 10) with ad libitum intake or AR (n = 29) receiving an infant formula modified to mimic the nutritional profile and intake pattern of sow's milk. At study conclusion, piglets were subjected to a standardized set of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures to quantify structure and composition of the brain. Results: Diffusion tensor imaging, an MRI sequence that characterizes brain microstructure, revealed that SR piglets had greater (P < 0.05) average white matter (WM) (generated from a piglet specific brain atlas) fractional anisotropy (FA), and lower (P < 0.05) mean and radial and axial diffusivity values compared with AR piglets, suggesting differences in WM organization. Voxel-based morphometric analysis, a measure of white and gray matter (GM) volumes concentrations, revealed differences (P < 0.05) in bilateral development of GM clusters in the cortical brain regions of the AR piglets compared with SR piglets. Region of interest analysis revealed larger (P < 0.05) whole brain volumes in SR animals compared with AR, and certain subcortical regions to be larger (P < 0.05) as a percentage of whole brain volume in AR piglets compared with SR animals. Quantification of brain metabolites using magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed SR piglets had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of myo-inositol, glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine, and creatine + phosphocreatine compared with AR piglets. However, glutamate + glutamine levels were higher (P < 0.05) in AR piglets when compared with SR animals. Conclusion: Overall, increases in brain metabolite concentrations, coupled with greater FA values in WM tracts and volume differences in GM of specific brain regions, suggest differences in myelin development and cell proliferation in SR versus AR piglets.
KW - Animal model
KW - Diffusion tensor imaging
KW - Magnetic resonance imaging
KW - Neurodevelopment
KW - Piglet
KW - Sow-reared
KW - Voxel-based morphometry
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U2 - 10.3389/fped.2016.00095
DO - 10.3389/fped.2016.00095
M3 - Article
C2 - 27672632
AN - SCOPUS:85038355699
SN - 2296-2360
VL - 4
JO - Frontiers in Pediatrics
JF - Frontiers in Pediatrics
IS - SEP
M1 - 95
ER -