@inproceedings{5730a361e51b4038964554a9cd8646dd,
title = "Characterizing railroad ballast using GPR: Recent experiences in the United States",
abstract = "Recent work has been conducted in the United States with 2 GHz horn antennas to characterize railroad ballast. There were a number observations made during the course of the project that derive from gaining a more thorough understanding of ballast and the interaction of GPR with the ballast matrix. The major observations from over 238 km of track data at four different geographical locations include; (1) it cannot be assumed that there will be a reflection from the bottom of clean ballast or that there will be a reflection from the ballast-subballast interface; (2) the presence of a strong reflection in the data generally, but not always, infers moderately-fouled to clean ballast above the reflecting boundary; and (3) no observable ballast-subballast interface reflections are generally, but not always, associated with gradational fouling or a fully-fouled ballast section.",
keywords = "2 GHz horn antennas, Ballast fouling, GPR, Void scattering",
author = "R. Roberts and A. Schutz and I. Al-Qadi and E. Tutumluer",
year = "2007",
doi = "10.1109/AGPR.2007.386570",
language = "English (US)",
isbn = "1424408873",
series = "Proceedings of the 2007 4th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar, IWAGPR 2007",
pages = "295--299",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 4th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar, IWAGPR 2007",
note = "4th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar, IWAGPR 2007 ; Conference date: 27-06-2007 Through 29-06-2007",
}