@article{a91dc6991eef4f2cb181ab89f75e6559,
title = "Body size and allometric variation in facial shape in children",
abstract = "Objectives: Morphological integration, or the tendency for covariation, is commonly seen in complex traits such as the human face. The effects of growth on shape, or allometry, represent a ubiquitous but poorly understood axis of integration. We address the question of to what extent age and measures of size converge on a single pattern of allometry for human facial shape. Methods: Our study is based on two large cross-sectional cohorts of children, one from Tanzania and the other from the United States (N = 7,173). We employ 3D facial imaging and geometric morphometrics to relate facial shape to age and anthropometric measures. Results: The two populations differ significantly in facial shape, but the magnitude of this difference is small relative to the variation within each group. Allometric variation for facial shape is similar in both populations, representing a small but significant proportion of total variation in facial shape. Different measures of size are associated with overlapping but statistically distinct aspects of shape variation. Only half of the size-related variation in facial shape can be explained by the first principal component of four size measures and age while the remainder associates distinctly with individual measures. Conclusions: Allometric variation in the human face is complex and should not be regarded as a singular effect. This finding has important implications for how size is treated in studies of human facial shape and for the developmental basis for allometric variation more generally.",
keywords = "3D facial imaging, allometry, face shape, growth, human, morphometrics",
author = "Larson, {Jacinda R.} and Manyama, {Mange F.} and Cole, {Joanne B.} and Gonzalez, {Paula N.} and Percival, {Christopher J.} and Liberton, {Denise K.} and Ferrara, {Tracey M.} and Riccardi, {Sheri L.} and Kimwaga, {Emmanuel A.} and Joshua Mathayo and Spitzmacher, {Jared A.} and Campbell Rolian and Jamniczky, {Heather A.} and Weinberg, {Seth M.} and Roseman, {Charles C.} and Ophir Klein and Ken Lukowiak and Spritz, {Richard A.} and Benedikt Hallgrimsson",
note = "Funding Information: Supported by NIH-NIDCR (1U01DE020054) to RS and BH, NSERC Grant no. 238992-12 to BH and U01DE020078 to SW, and the University of Calgary (UIRG to MM, KL and BH). Many people participated in various aspects of the Facebase Tanzania project, of which this study is part. Megan Wright, Maria Finnsd{\'o}ttir, and Kimia Ghavani, contribute to reconstruction of the facial image data. Sariko Matari and Saleh Seleman Mganzil, Mitzi Murray, John Humphreys, Kai Lukowiak, Kris, Kannon, Hayley Britz, Rebecca Green, Kim McKenney, Kimani Leyaro, Margaret Kaisoe, Diana Dills, Nicola Hahn, assisted in the field. We also thank the teachers in the many schools in which this work was conducted and, most importantly, the children who participated as well as their parents. Primary data Funding Information: Ethical approval was granted by the Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/845), and the University of Calgary (CHREB 21741), the University of Colorado (09–0731) and the University of Pittsburgh (No. PRO09060553 and No. RB0405013). Informed written consent was obtained from the parents and guardians of all participants, prior to participation in the study. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",
year = "2018",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1002/ajpa.23356",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "165",
pages = "327--342",
journal = "American Journal of Physical Anthropology",
issn = "0002-9483",
publisher = "Wiley-Liss Inc.",
number = "2",
}