Bioelectronics with two-dimensional materials

In this article, we review the emerging field of bioelectronics with two-dimensional (2D) materials. Recently, 2D materials including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and other elementary 2D crystals, have emerged as functional materials in bioelectronic applications benefitting from their superior electrical, optical, and mechanical properties compared to conventional bulk semiconductor and metallic materials. The 2D dimensional materials enable advanced bioelectronics by allowing easy integration due to their atomic thinness, biocompatibility, mechanical flexibility and conformity. Electronics with 2D materials have thus far enabled various applications in chemical, biochemical and neurobiological sensing. Here we review bioelectronics with a variety of 2D materials including graphene, a popular material in the recent decade, as well as other emerging 2D materials such as TMDs including MoS₂, MoSe₂, WSe₂, and WS₂. First, we discuss the unique properties of 2D materials which make them suitable for bioelectronic applications. Next we highlight the transduction and detection mechanisms of 2D material-based bioelectronic systems, which include field-effect transistors, nanopores, multi-electrode arrays, and optical resonators. Lastly, we highlight current ongoing efforts to enable 2D materials to be even more effective in performance and sensitivity for biointerfacing.