BICEP Array: 150 GHz Detector Module Development

Alessandro Schillaci; P. A.R. Ade; Z. Ahmed; M. Amiri; D. Barkats; R. Basu Thakur; C. A. Bischoff; D. Beck; J. J. Bock; V. Buza; J. Cheshire; J. Connors; J. Cornelison; M. Crumrine; A. Cukierman; E. Denison; M. Dierickx; L. Duband; M. Eiben; S. Fatigoni; J. P. Filippini; C. Giannakopoulos; N. Goeckner-Wald; D. Goldfinger; J. A. Grayson; P. Grimes; G. Hall; G. Halal; M. Halpern; E. Hand; S. Harrison; S. Henderson; S. R. Hildebrandt; G. C. Hilton; J. Hubmayr; H. Hui; K. D. Irwin; J. Kang; K. S. Karkare; S. Kefeli; J. M. Kovac; C. L. Kuo; K. Lau; E. M. Leitch; A. Lennox; K. G. Megerian; O. Y. Miller; L. Minutolo; L. Moncelsi; Y. Nakato; T. Namikawa; H. T. Nguyen; R. O’Brient; S. Palladino; M. Petroff; N. Precup; T. Prouve; C. Pryke; B. Racine; C. D. Reintsema; B. L. Schmitt; B. Singari; A. Soliman; T. St Germaine; B. Steinbach; R. V. Sudiwala; K. L. Thompson; C. Tucker; A. D. Turner; C. Umiltà; C. Verges; A. G. Vieregg; A. Wandui; A. C. Weber; D. V. Wiebe; J. Willmert; W. L.K. Wu; E. Yang; K. W. Yoon; E. Young; C. Yu; L. Zeng; C. Zhang; S. Zhang

doi:10.1007/s10909-023-03005-w

BICEP Array: 150 GHz Detector Module Development

Alessandro Schillaci, P. A.R. Ade, Z. Ahmed, M. Amiri, D. Barkats, R. Basu Thakur, C. A. Bischoff, D. Beck, J. J. Bock, V. Buza, J. Cheshire, J. Connors, J. Cornelison, M. Crumrine, A. Cukierman, E. Denison, M. Dierickx, L. Duband, M. Eiben, S. FatigoniJ. P. Filippini, C. Giannakopoulos, N. Goeckner-Wald, D. Goldfinger, J. A. Grayson, P. Grimes, G. Hall, G. Halal, M. Halpern, E. Hand, S. Harrison, S. Henderson, S. R. Hildebrandt, G. C. Hilton, J. Hubmayr, H. Hui, K. D. Irwin, J. Kang, K. S. Karkare, S. Kefeli, J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, K. Lau, E. M. Leitch, A. Lennox, K. G. Megerian, O. Y. Miller, L. Minutolo, L. Moncelsi, Y. Nakato, T. Namikawa, H. T. Nguyen, R. O’Brient, S. Palladino, M. Petroff, N. Precup, T. Prouve, C. Pryke, B. Racine, C. D. Reintsema, B. L. Schmitt, B. Singari, A. Soliman, T. St Germaine, B. Steinbach, R. V. Sudiwala, K. L. Thompson, C. Tucker, A. D. Turner, C. Umiltà, C. Verges, A. G. Vieregg, A. Wandui, A. C. Weber, D. V. Wiebe, J. Willmert, W. L.K. Wu, E. Yang, K. W. Yoon, E. Young, C. Yu, L. Zeng, C. Zhang, S. Zhang

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BICEP)/Keck (BK) collaboration is currently leading the quest for the highest-sensitivity measurements of the polarized cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies on a degree scale with a series of cryogenic telescopes, of which BICEP Array (BA) is the latest Stage-3 upgrade with a total of ∼ 32,000 detectors. The instrument comprises 4 receivers spanning 30–270 GHz, with the low-frequency 30/40 GHz deployed to the South Pole Station in late 2019. The full complement of receivers is forecast to set the most stringent constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r. Building on these advances, the overarching small-aperture telescope concept is already being used as the reference for further Stage-4 experiment design. This paper describes the development of the BICEP Array 150 GHz detector module and its fabrication requirements, with highlights on the high-density time division multiplexing (TDM) design of the cryogenic circuit boards. The low-impedance wiring required between the detectors and the first stage of superconducting quantum interference device amplifiers is crucial to maintaining a stable bias current on the detectors. A novel multi-layer FR4 Printed Circuit Board with superconducting traces, capable of reading out up to 648 detectors, is detailed along with its validation tests. An ultra-high-density TDM detector module concept we developed for a CMB-S4-like experiment that allows up to 1920 detectors to be read out is also presented. TDM has been chosen as the detector readout technology for the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage-4 (CMB-S4) experiment based on its proven low-noise performance, predictable costs, and overall maturity of the architecture. The heritage for TDM is rooted in mm- and sub-mm-wave experiments dating back 20 years and has since evolved to support a multiplexing factor of 64x in Stage-3 experiments.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	317-326
Number of pages	10
Journal	Journal of Low Temperature Physics
Volume	213
Issue number	5-6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-023-03005-w
State	Published - Dec 2023

Keywords

B-mode polarization
BICEP array
Cosmic microwave background
Cosmology
Time division multiplexing
Transition edge sensor

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
General Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics

Online availability

10.1007/s10909-023-03005-w

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Schillaci, A., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Basu Thakur, R., Bischoff, C. A., Beck, D., Bock, J. J., Buza, V., Cheshire, J., Connors, J., Cornelison, J., Crumrine, M., Cukierman, A., Denison, E., Dierickx, M., Duband, L., Eiben, M., ... Zhang, S. (2023). BICEP Array: 150 GHz Detector Module Development. Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 213(5-6), 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-023-03005-w

Schillaci, A, Ade, PAR, Ahmed, Z, Amiri, M, Barkats, D, Basu Thakur, R, Bischoff, CA, Beck, D, Bock, JJ, Buza, V, Cheshire, J, Connors, J, Cornelison, J, Crumrine, M, Cukierman, A, Denison, E, Dierickx, M, Duband, L, Eiben, M, Fatigoni, S, Filippini, JP, Giannakopoulos, C, Goeckner-Wald, N, Goldfinger, D, Grayson, JA, Grimes, P, Hall, G, Halal, G, Halpern, M, Hand, E, Harrison, S, Henderson, S, Hildebrandt, SR, Hilton, GC, Hubmayr, J, Hui, H, Irwin, KD, Kang, J, Karkare, KS, Kefeli, S, Kovac, JM, Kuo, CL, Lau, K, Leitch, EM, Lennox, A, Megerian, KG, Miller, OY, Minutolo, L, Moncelsi, L, Nakato, Y, Namikawa, T, Nguyen, HT, O’Brient, R, Palladino, S, Petroff, M, Precup, N, Prouve, T, Pryke, C, Racine, B, Reintsema, CD, Schmitt, BL, Singari, B, Soliman, A, Germaine, TS, Steinbach, B, Sudiwala, RV, Thompson, KL, Tucker, C, Turner, AD, Umiltà, C, Verges, C, Vieregg, AG, Wandui, A, Weber, AC, Wiebe, DV, Willmert, J, Wu, WLK, Yang, E, Yoon, KW, Young, E, Yu, C, Zeng, L, Zhang, C & Zhang, S 2023, 'BICEP Array: 150 GHz Detector Module Development', Journal of Low Temperature Physics, vol. 213, no. 5-6, pp. 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-023-03005-w

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title = "BICEP Array: 150 GHz Detector Module Development",

abstract = "The Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BICEP)/Keck (BK) collaboration is currently leading the quest for the highest-sensitivity measurements of the polarized cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies on a degree scale with a series of cryogenic telescopes, of which BICEP Array (BA) is the latest Stage-3 upgrade with a total of ∼ 32,000 detectors. The instrument comprises 4 receivers spanning 30–270 GHz, with the low-frequency 30/40 GHz deployed to the South Pole Station in late 2019. The full complement of receivers is forecast to set the most stringent constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r. Building on these advances, the overarching small-aperture telescope concept is already being used as the reference for further Stage-4 experiment design. This paper describes the development of the BICEP Array 150 GHz detector module and its fabrication requirements, with highlights on the high-density time division multiplexing (TDM) design of the cryogenic circuit boards. The low-impedance wiring required between the detectors and the first stage of superconducting quantum interference device amplifiers is crucial to maintaining a stable bias current on the detectors. A novel multi-layer FR4 Printed Circuit Board with superconducting traces, capable of reading out up to 648 detectors, is detailed along with its validation tests. An ultra-high-density TDM detector module concept we developed for a CMB-S4-like experiment that allows up to 1920 detectors to be read out is also presented. TDM has been chosen as the detector readout technology for the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage-4 (CMB-S4) experiment based on its proven low-noise performance, predictable costs, and overall maturity of the architecture. The heritage for TDM is rooted in mm- and sub-mm-wave experiments dating back 20 years and has since evolved to support a multiplexing factor of 64x in Stage-3 experiments.",

keywords = "B-mode polarization, BICEP array, Cosmic microwave background, Cosmology, Time division multiplexing, Transition edge sensor",

author = "Alessandro Schillaci and Ade, {P. A.R.} and Z. Ahmed and M. Amiri and D. Barkats and {Basu Thakur}, R. and Bischoff, {C. A.} and D. Beck and Bock, {J. J.} and V. Buza and J. Cheshire and J. Connors and J. Cornelison and M. Crumrine and A. Cukierman and E. Denison and M. Dierickx and L. Duband and M. Eiben and S. Fatigoni and Filippini, {J. P.} and C. Giannakopoulos and N. Goeckner-Wald and D. Goldfinger and Grayson, {J. A.} and P. Grimes and G. Hall and G. Halal and M. Halpern and E. Hand and S. Harrison and S. Henderson and Hildebrandt, {S. R.} and Hilton, {G. C.} and J. Hubmayr and H. Hui and Irwin, {K. D.} and J. Kang and Karkare, {K. S.} and S. Kefeli and Kovac, {J. M.} and Kuo, {C. L.} and K. Lau and Leitch, {E. M.} and A. Lennox and Megerian, {K. G.} and Miller, {O. Y.} and L. Minutolo and L. Moncelsi and Y. Nakato and T. Namikawa and Nguyen, {H. T.} and R. O{\textquoteright}Brient and S. Palladino and M. Petroff and N. Precup and T. Prouve and C. Pryke and B. Racine and Reintsema, {C. D.} and Schmitt, {B. L.} and B. Singari and A. Soliman and Germaine, {T. St} and B. Steinbach and Sudiwala, {R. V.} and Thompson, {K. L.} and C. Tucker and Turner, {A. D.} and C. Umilt{\`a} and C. Verges and Vieregg, {A. G.} and A. Wandui and Weber, {A. C.} and Wiebe, {D. V.} and J. Willmert and Wu, {W. L.K.} and E. Yang and Yoon, {K. W.} and E. Young and C. Yu and L. Zeng and C. Zhang and S. Zhang",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.",

year = "2023",

month = dec,

doi = "10.1007/s10909-023-03005-w",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "213",

pages = "317--326",

journal = "Journal of Low Temperature Physics",

issn = "0022-2291",

publisher = "Springer",

number = "5-6",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - BICEP Array

T2 - 150 GHz Detector Module Development

AU - Schillaci, Alessandro

AU - Ade, P. A.R.

AU - Ahmed, Z.

AU - Amiri, M.

AU - Barkats, D.

AU - Basu Thakur, R.

AU - Bischoff, C. A.

AU - Beck, D.

AU - Bock, J. J.

AU - Buza, V.

AU - Cheshire, J.

AU - Connors, J.

AU - Cornelison, J.

AU - Crumrine, M.

AU - Cukierman, A.

AU - Denison, E.

AU - Dierickx, M.

AU - Duband, L.

AU - Eiben, M.

AU - Fatigoni, S.

AU - Filippini, J. P.

AU - Giannakopoulos, C.

AU - Goeckner-Wald, N.

AU - Goldfinger, D.

AU - Grayson, J. A.

AU - Grimes, P.

AU - Hall, G.

AU - Halal, G.

AU - Halpern, M.

AU - Hand, E.

AU - Harrison, S.

AU - Henderson, S.

AU - Hildebrandt, S. R.

AU - Hilton, G. C.

AU - Hubmayr, J.

AU - Hui, H.

AU - Irwin, K. D.

AU - Kang, J.

AU - Karkare, K. S.

AU - Kefeli, S.

AU - Kovac, J. M.

AU - Kuo, C. L.

AU - Lau, K.

AU - Leitch, E. M.

AU - Lennox, A.

AU - Megerian, K. G.

AU - Miller, O. Y.

AU - Minutolo, L.

AU - Moncelsi, L.

AU - Nakato, Y.

AU - Namikawa, T.

AU - Nguyen, H. T.

AU - O’Brient, R.

AU - Palladino, S.

AU - Petroff, M.

AU - Precup, N.

AU - Prouve, T.

AU - Pryke, C.

AU - Racine, B.

AU - Reintsema, C. D.

AU - Schmitt, B. L.

AU - Singari, B.

AU - Soliman, A.

AU - Germaine, T. St

AU - Steinbach, B.

AU - Sudiwala, R. V.

AU - Thompson, K. L.

AU - Tucker, C.

AU - Turner, A. D.

AU - Umiltà, C.

AU - Verges, C.

AU - Vieregg, A. G.

AU - Wandui, A.

AU - Weber, A. C.

AU - Wiebe, D. V.

AU - Willmert, J.

AU - Wu, W. L.K.

AU - Yang, E.

AU - Yoon, K. W.

AU - Young, E.

AU - Yu, C.

AU - Zeng, L.

AU - Zhang, C.

AU - Zhang, S.

PY - 2023/12

Y1 - 2023/12

N2 - The Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BICEP)/Keck (BK) collaboration is currently leading the quest for the highest-sensitivity measurements of the polarized cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies on a degree scale with a series of cryogenic telescopes, of which BICEP Array (BA) is the latest Stage-3 upgrade with a total of ∼ 32,000 detectors. The instrument comprises 4 receivers spanning 30–270 GHz, with the low-frequency 30/40 GHz deployed to the South Pole Station in late 2019. The full complement of receivers is forecast to set the most stringent constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r. Building on these advances, the overarching small-aperture telescope concept is already being used as the reference for further Stage-4 experiment design. This paper describes the development of the BICEP Array 150 GHz detector module and its fabrication requirements, with highlights on the high-density time division multiplexing (TDM) design of the cryogenic circuit boards. The low-impedance wiring required between the detectors and the first stage of superconducting quantum interference device amplifiers is crucial to maintaining a stable bias current on the detectors. A novel multi-layer FR4 Printed Circuit Board with superconducting traces, capable of reading out up to 648 detectors, is detailed along with its validation tests. An ultra-high-density TDM detector module concept we developed for a CMB-S4-like experiment that allows up to 1920 detectors to be read out is also presented. TDM has been chosen as the detector readout technology for the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage-4 (CMB-S4) experiment based on its proven low-noise performance, predictable costs, and overall maturity of the architecture. The heritage for TDM is rooted in mm- and sub-mm-wave experiments dating back 20 years and has since evolved to support a multiplexing factor of 64x in Stage-3 experiments.

AB - The Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BICEP)/Keck (BK) collaboration is currently leading the quest for the highest-sensitivity measurements of the polarized cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies on a degree scale with a series of cryogenic telescopes, of which BICEP Array (BA) is the latest Stage-3 upgrade with a total of ∼ 32,000 detectors. The instrument comprises 4 receivers spanning 30–270 GHz, with the low-frequency 30/40 GHz deployed to the South Pole Station in late 2019. The full complement of receivers is forecast to set the most stringent constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r. Building on these advances, the overarching small-aperture telescope concept is already being used as the reference for further Stage-4 experiment design. This paper describes the development of the BICEP Array 150 GHz detector module and its fabrication requirements, with highlights on the high-density time division multiplexing (TDM) design of the cryogenic circuit boards. The low-impedance wiring required between the detectors and the first stage of superconducting quantum interference device amplifiers is crucial to maintaining a stable bias current on the detectors. A novel multi-layer FR4 Printed Circuit Board with superconducting traces, capable of reading out up to 648 detectors, is detailed along with its validation tests. An ultra-high-density TDM detector module concept we developed for a CMB-S4-like experiment that allows up to 1920 detectors to be read out is also presented. TDM has been chosen as the detector readout technology for the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage-4 (CMB-S4) experiment based on its proven low-noise performance, predictable costs, and overall maturity of the architecture. The heritage for TDM is rooted in mm- and sub-mm-wave experiments dating back 20 years and has since evolved to support a multiplexing factor of 64x in Stage-3 experiments.

KW - B-mode polarization

KW - BICEP array

KW - Cosmic microwave background

KW - Cosmology

KW - Time division multiplexing

KW - Transition edge sensor

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DO - 10.1007/s10909-023-03005-w

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SN - 0022-2291

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SP - 317

EP - 326

JO - Journal of Low Temperature Physics

JF - Journal of Low Temperature Physics

IS - 5-6

ER -

BICEP Array: 150 GHz Detector Module Development

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