Avian model systems to understand human herpesvirus replication, transformation, reactivation, and transmission

Herpesviruses establish lifelong latency, possess complex replication cycles, and display tropism for many cell types, including neuronal, lymphocytic, mucosal, and skin epithelia. Understanding their replication and transmission mechanisms is indispensable for developing effective therapeutic and preventive strategies. However, human herpesvirus replication and transmission experiments cannot be done on humans for obvious ethical concerns. Thus, natural herpesvirus-animal models must be utilized. Some avian herpesviruses share key features with human herpesviruses, such as Marek’s disease virus (MDV) in chickens. This review focuses on the utility of avian models for studying herpesvirus replication, virus-induced cancer, reactivation, and transmission, primarily MDV and members of the Mardivirus genus. Leveraging these insights can provide a translational framework for developing novel antiviral therapies and vaccines.