An optimization approach to improve equitable access to local parks

Local parks are public resources that promote human and environmental welfare. Unfortunately, park inequities are commonplace as historically marginalized groups may have insufficient access. Platforms exist to identify the geographical areas that would benefit from future park improvements. However, these platforms do not optimize decisions nor include key features, such as budget and infrastructure, that are relevant to park location decisions. To support recreational and government agencies in addressing inequities in the distribution and quality of parks, we propose a mixed-integer program that minimizes insufficient access, defined as weighted deviations across multiple categories (distance, capacity, and environmental features). We consider an equity-focused min-max objective and an overall objective to minimize total weighted deviations. We apply the model to a case study of Asheville, North Carolina. We conduct extensive data collection to parameterize the model. In policy analyses, we consider the effects of available budget, planning horizons, strategic demographic priorities, and thresholds of access. The model reflects user-defined criteria and goals, and the results suggest that the framework may be generalizable to other cities. This study serves as a step in the development and incorporation of mathematical modeling to achieve social goals within the recreational setting.