TY - JOUR
T1 - Acute Toxicity of 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-HDPA) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPDQ), transformation products of 6PPD, to early instars of the mayfly, Neocloeon triangulifer
AU - Soucek, David J.
AU - Dorman, Rebecca A.
AU - Steevens, Jeffery A.
AU - Yargeau, Viviane
AU - Pineda, Marco
AU - Bennett, Erin R.
AU - Metcalfe, Christopher D.
N1 - The analytical work for this project was supported by a Discovery Grant to V. Yargeau from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. Toxicity experiments were supported by the U.S. Geological Survey's Environmental Health Program of the Ecosystems Mission Area. We thank P. Helm of the Ontario Ministry of Environment Parks and Conservation for providing the samples of water collected from the Don River and Highland Creek. The analytical work for this project was supported by a Discovery Grant to V. Yargeau from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. We thank D. Furlong for his assistance with the preliminary chemical analysis, which helped in the early stages of this work. Toxicity experiments were supported by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)'s Environmental Health Program of the Ecosystems Mission Area. We thank E. Brunson, D. Hardesty, B. Perrotta, A. Sieja, O. Watt, and other researchers and staff at the USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center in Columbia, MO, for assistance with the experiments.
PY - 2025/5/1
Y1 - 2025/5/1
N2 - Our analysis of water samples collected during a rain event from two urban rivers in the Greater Toronto area, Ontario, Canada, indicated that selected transformation products (TPs) of the tire antioxidant, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), including 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ) and 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-HDPA), were present at concentrations >1 μg/L. In acute (96-hr) toxicity tests with aquatic larvae of the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer, 6PPDQ did not cause mortalities at the highest test concentration, which was just below the limit of solubility. In toxicity tests with 4-HDPA, a calculated 96-hr median lethal concentration of 339 μg/L is above environmentally relevant concentrations. However, in toxicity tests with 6PPD, there was evidence that the degradation of this tire wear compound produced unknown TPs that caused mortalities in exposed mayfly larvae. Additional work could identify other TPs of 6PPD that could be a hazard to aquatic invertebrates exposed to tire wear compounds transported into surface waters from transportation corridors.
AB - Our analysis of water samples collected during a rain event from two urban rivers in the Greater Toronto area, Ontario, Canada, indicated that selected transformation products (TPs) of the tire antioxidant, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), including 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ) and 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-HDPA), were present at concentrations >1 μg/L. In acute (96-hr) toxicity tests with aquatic larvae of the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer, 6PPDQ did not cause mortalities at the highest test concentration, which was just below the limit of solubility. In toxicity tests with 4-HDPA, a calculated 96-hr median lethal concentration of 339 μg/L is above environmentally relevant concentrations. However, in toxicity tests with 6PPD, there was evidence that the degradation of this tire wear compound produced unknown TPs that caused mortalities in exposed mayfly larvae. Additional work could identify other TPs of 6PPD that could be a hazard to aquatic invertebrates exposed to tire wear compounds transported into surface waters from transportation corridors.
KW - 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-HDPA)
KW - 6PPD-quinone
KW - N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD)
KW - Neocloeon triangulifer
KW - acute toxicity
KW - tire wear particle leachate
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105004052417
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105004052417#tab=citedBy
U2 - 10.1093/etojnl/vgaf062
DO - 10.1093/etojnl/vgaf062
M3 - Article
C2 - 40178995
AN - SCOPUS:105004052417
SN - 0730-7268
VL - 44
SP - 1369
EP - 1377
JO - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
JF - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
IS - 5
ER -