Abstract
NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first to demonstrate asteroid deflection, and the mission’s Level 1 requirements guided its planetary defense investigations. Here, we summarize DART’s achievement of those requirements. On 2022 September 26, the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the secondary member of the Didymos near-Earth asteroid binary system, demonstrating an autonomously navigated kinetic impact into an asteroid with limited prior knowledge for planetary defense. Months of subsequent Earth-based observations showed that the binary orbital period was changed by –33.24 minutes, with two independent analysis methods each reporting a 1σ uncertainty of 1.4 s. Dynamical models determined that the momentum enhancement factor, β, resulting from DART’s kinetic impact test is between 2.4 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos, which remains the largest source of uncertainty. Over five dozen telescopes across the globe and in space, along with the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids, have contributed to DART’s investigations. These combined investigations have addressed topics related to the ejecta, dynamics, impact event, and properties of both asteroids in the binary system. A year following DART’s successful impact into Dimorphos, the mission has achieved its planetary defense requirements, although work to further understand DART’s kinetic impact test and the Didymos system will continue. In particular, ESA’s Hera mission is planned to perform extensive measurements in 2027 during its rendezvous with the Didymos–Dimorphos system, building on DART to advance our knowledge and continue the ongoing international collaboration for planetary defense.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Article number | psjad16e6 |
| Journal | Planetary Science Journal |
| Volume | 5 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Feb 1 2024 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Geophysics
- Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
- Space and Planetary Science
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- 10.3847/PSJ/ad16e6License: CC BY
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In: Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2, psjad16e6, 01.02.2024.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission
AU - Chabot, Nancy L.
AU - Rivkin, Andrew S.
AU - Cheng, Andrew F.
AU - Barnouin, Olivier S.
AU - Fahnestock, Eugene G.
AU - Richardson, Derek C.
AU - Stickle, Angela M.
AU - Thomas, Cristina A.
AU - Ernst, Carolyn M.
AU - Terik Daly, R.
AU - Dotto, Elisabetta
AU - Zinzi, Angelo
AU - Chesley, Steven R.
AU - Moskovitz, Nicholas A.
AU - Barbee, Brent W.
AU - Abell, Paul
AU - Agrusa, Harrison F.
AU - Bannister, Michele T.
AU - Beccarelli, Joel
AU - Bekker, Dmitriy L.
AU - Syal, Megan Bruck
AU - Buratti, Bonnie J.
AU - Busch, Michael W.
AU - Bagatin, Adriano Campo
AU - Chatelain, Joseph P.
AU - Chocron, Sidney
AU - Collins, Gareth S.
AU - Conversi, Luca
AU - Davison, Thomas M.
AU - DeCoster, Mallory E.
AU - Prasanna Deshapriya, J. D.
AU - Eggl, Siegfried
AU - Espiritu, Raymond C.
AU - Farnham, Tony L.
AU - Ferrais, Marin
AU - Ferrari, Fabio
AU - Föhring, Dora
AU - Fuentes-Muñoz, Oscar
AU - Gai, Igor
AU - Giordano, Carmine
AU - Glenar, David A.
AU - Gomez, Edward
AU - Graninger, Dawn M.
AU - Green, Simon F.
AU - Greenstreet, Sarah
AU - Hasselmann, Pedro H.
AU - Herreros, Isabel
AU - Hirabayashi, Masatoshi
AU - Husárik, Marek
AU - Ieva, Simone
AU - Ivanovski, Stavro L.
AU - Jackson, Samuel L.
AU - Jehin, Emmanuel
AU - Jutzi, Martin
AU - Karatekin, Ozgur
AU - Knight, Matthew M.
AU - Kolokolova, Ludmilla
AU - Kumamoto, Kathryn M.
AU - Küppers, Michael
AU - Forgia, Fiorangela La
AU - Lazzarin, Monica
AU - Li, Jian Yang
AU - Lister, Tim A.
AU - Lolachi, Ramin
AU - Lucas, Michael P.
AU - Lucchetti, Alice
AU - Luther, Robert
AU - Makadia, Rahil
AU - Epifani, Elena Mazzotta
AU - McMahon, Jay
AU - Merisio, Gianmario
AU - Merrill, Colby C.
AU - Meyer, Alex J.
AU - Michel, Patrick
AU - Micheli, Marco
AU - Migliorini, Alessandra
AU - Minker, Kate
AU - Modenini, Dario
AU - Moreno, Fernando
AU - Murdoch, Naomi
AU - Murphy, Brian
AU - Naidu, Shantanu P.
AU - Nair, Hari
AU - Nakano, Ryota
AU - Opitom, Cyrielle
AU - Ormö, Jens
AU - Michael Owen, J.
AU - Pajola, Maurizio
AU - Palmer, Eric E.
AU - Palumbo, Pasquale
AU - Panicucci, Paolo
AU - Parro, Laura M.
AU - Pearl, Jason M.
AU - Penttilä, Antti
AU - Perna, Davide
AU - Petrescu, Elisabeta
AU - Pravec, Petr
AU - Raducan, Sabina D.
AU - Ramesh, K. T.
AU - Ridden-Harper, Ryan
AU - Rizos, Juan L.
AU - Rossi, Alessandro
AU - Roth, Nathan X.
AU - Rożek, Agata
AU - Rozitis, Benjamin
AU - Ryan, Eileen V.
AU - Ryan, William H.
AU - Sánchez, Paul
AU - Santana-Ros, Toni
AU - Scheeres, Daniel J.
AU - Scheirich, Peter
AU - Senel, Cem Berk
AU - Soldini, Stefania
AU - Souami, Damya
AU - Statler, Thomas S.
AU - Street, Rachel
AU - Stubbs, Timothy J.
AU - Sunshine, Jessica M.
AU - Snodgrass, Colin
AU - Tan, Nicole J.
AU - Tancredi, Gonzalo
AU - Tinsman, Calley L.
AU - Tortora, Paolo
AU - Tusberti, Filippo
AU - Walker, James D.
AU - Dany Waller, C.
AU - Wünnemann, Kai
AU - Zannoni, Marco
AU - Zhang, Yun
N1 - Additional support from a number of sources for individuals is also acknowledged here. For R.L., D.A.G., T.J.S.: this work was supported by the NASA/GSFC Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Exospheres, Ionospheres, Magnetospheres Modeling (EIMM) team. The work done through the Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST-II) is supported by NASA award No. 80GSFC21M0002. N.X.R. acknowledges support by the Planetary Science Division Internal Scientist Funding Program through the Fundamental Laboratory Research (FLaRe) work package. P.M. acknowledges funding from ESA, CNES, the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs. For P.M., R.L., K.W., T.S.-R., C.B.S., and A.C.B.: funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 870377, through Near Earth Object Modelling and Payloads for Protection (NEO-MAPP) project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377, EC H2020-SPACE-718 2018-2020, H2020-SPACE-2019). R.M. and S.E. acknowledge funding from a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities (NSTGRO) award, contract No. 80NSSC22K1173. For P.P. and P.S: this work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, grant 20-04431S. A.M. acknowledges the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for financial support through agreement No. 2022-8-HH.0 for ESA's Hera mission. I.H. acknowledges the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) support for international cooperation I-LINK project ILINK22061. For J.O.: this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI by grant PID2021-125883NB-C22 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” For M.H.: this work was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA (grant No. 2/0059/22) and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-19-0072. G.S.C. and T.M.D. acknowledge funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, grant ST/S000615/1. For L.M.P.: contribution was supported by the Margarita Salas postdoctoral grant funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities—NextGenerationEU. F.F. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 101077758). For T.S.-R.: this work was also partially supported by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union” through grant PID2021-122842OB-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia ’Marıa de Maeztu’) through grant CEX2019-000918-M. For J.M.: funding support acknowledged from the DART Participating Scientist Program ( \#80NSSC21K1048). For A.P.: financial support from Academy of Finland grant No. 1345115. For A.C.B.: funding support from MICINN (Spain) PGC2021, PID2021-125883NB-C21. R.N. acknowledges support from NASA/FINESST (NNH20ZDA001N). J.-Y.L. acknowledges grants HST-GO-16674, HST-GO-17292, and HST-GO-17330 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. The DART mission is a result of the dedicated efforts of more than a thousand people working for years to make the mission successful. DART Investigation Team and LICIACube Team members beyond those listed as coauthors are thanked for their contributions to the discussions that led to the results summarized in this paper. This work was supported by the DART mission, NASA contract 80MSFC20D0004, and by the Italian Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) within the LICIACube project (ASI-INAF agreement AC n. 2019-31-HH.0). Additional support from a number of sources for individuals is also acknowledged here. For R.L., D.A.G., T.J.S.: this work was supported by the NASA/GSFC Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Exospheres, Ionospheres, Magnetospheres Modeling (EIMM) team. The work done through the Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST-II) is supported by NASA award No. 80GSFC21M0002. N.X.R. acknowledges support by the Planetary Science Division Internal Scientist Funding Program through the Fundamental Laboratory Research (FLaRe) work package. P.M. acknowledges funding from ESA, CNES, the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs. For P.M., R.L., K.W., T.S.-R., C.B.S., and A.C.B.: funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 870377, through Near Earth Object Modelling and Payloads for Protection (NEOMAPP) project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377, EC H2020-SPACE-718 2018-2020, H2020-SPACE-2019). R.M. and S. E. acknowledge funding from a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities (NSTGRO) award, contract No. 80NSSC22K1173. For P.P. and P.S: this work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, grant 20-04431S. A.M. acknowledges the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for financial support through agreement No. 2022-8-HH.0 for ESA’s Hera mission. I.H. acknowledges the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) support for international cooperation I-LINK project ILINK22061. For J.O.: this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI by grant PID2021-125883NB-C22 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” For M.H.: this work was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA (grant No. 2/0059/22) and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-19-0072. G.S.C. and T.M.D. acknowledge funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, grant ST/ S000615/1. For L.M.P.: contribution was supported by the Margarita Salas postdoctoral grant funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities—NextGenerationEU. F.F. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 101077758). For T. S.-R.: this work was also partially supported by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union” through grant PID2021-122842OB-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia’Marıa de Maeztu’) through grant CEX2019-000918-M. For J.M.: funding support acknowledged from the DART Participating Scientist Program (\#80NSSC21K1048). For A.P.: financial support from Academy of Finland grant No. 1345115. For A.C.B.: funding support from MICINN (Spain) PGC2021, PID2021-125883NB-C21. R.N. acknowledges support from NASA/FINESST (NNH20ZDA001N). J.-Y.L. acknowledges grants HST-GO-16674, HST-GO-17292, and HST-GO-17330 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. A portion of this work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC5207NA27344. LLNL-JRNL-854115. We appreciate the time and effort of two anonymous reviewers to review this paper.
PY - 2024/2/1
Y1 - 2024/2/1
N2 - NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first to demonstrate asteroid deflection, and the mission’s Level 1 requirements guided its planetary defense investigations. Here, we summarize DART’s achievement of those requirements. On 2022 September 26, the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the secondary member of the Didymos near-Earth asteroid binary system, demonstrating an autonomously navigated kinetic impact into an asteroid with limited prior knowledge for planetary defense. Months of subsequent Earth-based observations showed that the binary orbital period was changed by –33.24 minutes, with two independent analysis methods each reporting a 1σ uncertainty of 1.4 s. Dynamical models determined that the momentum enhancement factor, β, resulting from DART’s kinetic impact test is between 2.4 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos, which remains the largest source of uncertainty. Over five dozen telescopes across the globe and in space, along with the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids, have contributed to DART’s investigations. These combined investigations have addressed topics related to the ejecta, dynamics, impact event, and properties of both asteroids in the binary system. A year following DART’s successful impact into Dimorphos, the mission has achieved its planetary defense requirements, although work to further understand DART’s kinetic impact test and the Didymos system will continue. In particular, ESA’s Hera mission is planned to perform extensive measurements in 2027 during its rendezvous with the Didymos–Dimorphos system, building on DART to advance our knowledge and continue the ongoing international collaboration for planetary defense.
AB - NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first to demonstrate asteroid deflection, and the mission’s Level 1 requirements guided its planetary defense investigations. Here, we summarize DART’s achievement of those requirements. On 2022 September 26, the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the secondary member of the Didymos near-Earth asteroid binary system, demonstrating an autonomously navigated kinetic impact into an asteroid with limited prior knowledge for planetary defense. Months of subsequent Earth-based observations showed that the binary orbital period was changed by –33.24 minutes, with two independent analysis methods each reporting a 1σ uncertainty of 1.4 s. Dynamical models determined that the momentum enhancement factor, β, resulting from DART’s kinetic impact test is between 2.4 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos, which remains the largest source of uncertainty. Over five dozen telescopes across the globe and in space, along with the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids, have contributed to DART’s investigations. These combined investigations have addressed topics related to the ejecta, dynamics, impact event, and properties of both asteroids in the binary system. A year following DART’s successful impact into Dimorphos, the mission has achieved its planetary defense requirements, although work to further understand DART’s kinetic impact test and the Didymos system will continue. In particular, ESA’s Hera mission is planned to perform extensive measurements in 2027 during its rendezvous with the Didymos–Dimorphos system, building on DART to advance our knowledge and continue the ongoing international collaboration for planetary defense.
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85188202563&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3847/PSJ/ad16e6
DO - 10.3847/PSJ/ad16e6
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85188202563
SN - 2632-3338
VL - 5
JO - Planetary Science Journal
JF - Planetary Science Journal
IS - 2
M1 - psjad16e6
ER -