A comprehensive insight into metal oxide nanoparticle synthesis, associated regulations, and application in the agri-food sector

To achieve global sustainability goals, it is necessary to ensure food safety and security by adopting sustainable agricultural practices. However, the current agri-food sector is not only in its most vulnerable state, but it is also becoming a threat to the environment due to the combination of industrial and human activities that are detrimental. These activities, including the use of highly toxic agrochemicals, have deteriorated the quality of arable soil, thereby impacting food security. One area of research emerging in recent years as a promising avenue to combat concerns around agricultural soil quality and productivity is that of the application of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs). In this review, we comprehensively examine the synthesis processes, application, environmental impact, and regulations associated with MONPs in the agri-food sector. In agriculture, these nanoparticles have been demonstrated to enhance crop yields by acting as delivery systems for nutrients, preventing soil degradation, and reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. In relation to ensuring food quality and security, these nanoparticles are used as additives to enhance nutritional content, improve texture, and extend shelf life. Alternatively, the antimicrobial properties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can be used to modify packaging materials and make them more effective at preserving food, reducing food waste by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, and reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses. Overall, using nanoparticles in the agriculture and food industry offers exciting opportunities to promote sustainability, reduce environmental pollution, and improve food quality and safety.