TY - JOUR
T1 - A case study of terrain influences on upscale convective growth of a supercell
AU - Mulholland, Jake P.
AU - Nesbitt, Stephen W.
AU - Trapp, Robert J.
N1 - Funding Information:
Support for this work was made possible by National Science Foundation Grants AGS-1661799 for the first and second authors and AGS-1661800 for the third author.
Funding Information:
Acknowledgments. The first author would like to thank Dr. Brian Jewett, Chuan-Chieh Chang, Geoff Marion, Benjamin Vega-Westhoff, and Tzu-shun Lin (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign; UIUC) for computing assistance, Tom Gowan (University of Utah) for use of his Python trajectory code (https:// github.com/tomgowan/trajectories), and Drs. John M. Peters (Naval Postgraduate School), Hugh Morrison (National Center for Atmospheric Research), and Michael Coniglio (National Severe Storms Laboratory) for fruitful discussions. Many thanks go to Dr. Bowen Pan (Texas A&M University), Dr. Bruno Ribeiro (Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos), and Janice Mulholland for their extremely useful comments improving this manuscript. The authors would also like to thank the main editor, Dr. Daniel Kirshbaum, and three anonymous reviewers, for the extremely thought provoking and insightful comments and suggestions on this work. Computational resources were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Córdoba radar data were provided by Secretaría de Infraestructura y Política Hídrica, Ministerio del Interior, Obras Públicas y Vivienda of the Argentinean National Government framed within the Sistema Nacional de Radares Meteorológicos (SINARAME) Project. The SINARAME project is an Argentine effort to expand the radar network over the entire country.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 American Meteorological Society.
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - Satellite- and ground-based radar observations have shown that the northern half of Argentina, South America, is a region susceptible to rapid upscale growth of deep moist convection into larger organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). In particular, the complex terrain of the Sierras de Córdoba is hypothesized to be vital to this upscale-growth process. A canonical orographic supercell-to-MCS transition case study was analyzed to determine the influence that complex terrain had on processes governing upscale convective growth. High-resolution numerical modeling experiments were conducted in which the terrain height of the Sierras de Córdobawas systematicallymodified by raising or lowering the elevation of terrain above 1000m. The alteration of the terrain lead to both direct and indirect effects on storm morphology. A direct effect included terrain blocking of cold pools, whereas indirect effects included terrain-induced variations in pertinent storm environmental parameters (e.g., vertical wind shear, convective available potential energy). When the terrain was raised, low-level and deep-layer vertical wind shear increased,mixed-layer convective available potential energy decreased, deep moist convection initiated earlier, and cold pools were blocked and generally became stronger and deeper. The reverse occurred when the terrain was lowered, resulting in aweaker supercell that did not grow upscale into an MCS. The control simulation supercell displayed the deepest cold pool and correspondingly fastest transition fromsupercell toMCS, potentially revealing that the unique terrain configuration of the Sierras de Córdoba was supportive of the observed rapid upscale convective growth of this orographic supercell.
AB - Satellite- and ground-based radar observations have shown that the northern half of Argentina, South America, is a region susceptible to rapid upscale growth of deep moist convection into larger organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). In particular, the complex terrain of the Sierras de Córdoba is hypothesized to be vital to this upscale-growth process. A canonical orographic supercell-to-MCS transition case study was analyzed to determine the influence that complex terrain had on processes governing upscale convective growth. High-resolution numerical modeling experiments were conducted in which the terrain height of the Sierras de Córdobawas systematicallymodified by raising or lowering the elevation of terrain above 1000m. The alteration of the terrain lead to both direct and indirect effects on storm morphology. A direct effect included terrain blocking of cold pools, whereas indirect effects included terrain-induced variations in pertinent storm environmental parameters (e.g., vertical wind shear, convective available potential energy). When the terrain was raised, low-level and deep-layer vertical wind shear increased,mixed-layer convective available potential energy decreased, deep moist convection initiated earlier, and cold pools were blocked and generally became stronger and deeper. The reverse occurred when the terrain was lowered, resulting in aweaker supercell that did not grow upscale into an MCS. The control simulation supercell displayed the deepest cold pool and correspondingly fastest transition fromsupercell toMCS, potentially revealing that the unique terrain configuration of the Sierras de Córdoba was supportive of the observed rapid upscale convective growth of this orographic supercell.
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U2 - 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0099.1
DO - 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0099.1
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85076430282
SN - 0027-0644
VL - 147
SP - 4305
EP - 4324
JO - Monthly Weather Review
JF - Monthly Weather Review
IS - 12
ER -