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• Achieving uniformity and reproducibility for photonic crystal fluorescence enhanced disease diagnostic microarrays

  Race, C. M., Kwon, L. & Cunningham, B. T., Jan 5 2017, IEEE Sensors, SENSORS 2016 - Proceedings. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 7808961. (Proceedings of IEEE Sensors).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Photonic crystals
  • Fluorescence
  • Microarrays
  • Assays
  • Fluorophores

• An automated microfluidic assay for the detection of cancer biomarkers in serum using photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence

  Kwon, L., Race, C., Foreman, M. & Cunningham, B., Jan 5 2017, IEEE Sensors, SENSORS 2016 - Proceedings. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 7808960. (Proceedings of IEEE Sensors).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Tumor Biomarkers
  • Photonic crystals
  • Assays
  • Fluorescence
  • Microfluidics

• Angle-scanning photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence microscopy

  Chaudhery, V., Lu, M., Pokhriyal, A., Schulz, S. C. & Cunningham, B. T., 2012, In: IEEE Sensors Journal. 12, 5, p. 1272-1279 8 p., 6026215.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Photonic crystals
  • Fluorescence microscopy
  • Fluorescence
  • Scanning
  • fluorescence

• Application of photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence to detection of low serum concentrations of human IgE antibodies specific for a purified cat allergen (Fel D1)

  Tan, Y., Halsey, J. F., Tang, T., Wetering, S. V., Taine, E., Cleve, M. V. & Cunningham, B. T., Mar 15 2016, In: Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 77, p. 194-201 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Allergens
  • Optics and Photonics
  • Photonic crystals
  • Antibodies
  • Fluorescence

• A self-referencing biosensor based upon a dual-mode external cavity laser

  Zhang, M., Ge, C., Lu, M., Zhang, Z. & Cunningham, B. T., Jan 1 2013, 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2013. IEEE Computer Society, 6833168. (2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2013).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Laser resonators
  • Laser modes
  • Biosensors
  • Labels
  • Sensors

• A self-referencing biosensor based upon a dual-mode external cavity laser

  Zhang, M., Ge, C., Lu, M., Zhang, Z. & Cunningham, B. T., Nov 18 2013, CLEO: Science and Innovations, CLEO_SI 2013. (CLEO: Science and Innovations, CLEO_SI 2013).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Laser resonators
  • Laser modes
  • Biosensors
  • bioinstrumentation
  • laser cavities

• A self-referencing biosensor based upon a dual-mode external cavity laser

  Zhang, M., Ge, C., Lu, M., Zhang, Z. & Cunningham, B. T., May 27 2013, In: Applied Physics Letters. 102, 21, 213701.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • bioinstrumentation
  • laser cavities
  • photonics
  • reflectors
  • sensors

• Bidirectional scatter measurements of a guidedmode resonant filter photonic crystal structure

  Marciniak, M. A., Sellers, S. R., Lamott, R. B. & Cunningham, B. T., Dec 3 2012, In: Optics Express. 20, 25, p. 27242-27252 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • crystal structure
  • filters
  • photonics
  • incidence
  • diffraction

• Biochemical sensor tubing for point-of-care monitoring of intravenous drugs and metabolites

  Choi, C. J., Wu, H. Y., George, S., Weyhenmeyer, J. & Cunningham, B. T., Feb 7 2012, In: Lab on a chip. 12, 3, p. 574-581 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Metabolites
  • Raman Spectrum Analysis
  • Drug Monitoring
  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • Tubing

• Biosensing lasers using external cavities coupled with photonic and plasmonic crystals

  Zhang, M., Huang, Q. & Cunningham, B. T., Jan 1 2015, Optical Sensors, Sensors 2015. Optical Society of America (OSA), p. 316p SeT2D.1. (Optical Sensors, Sensors 2015).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Laser resonators
  • Photonic crystals
  • Plasmonics
  • Biosensors
  • Crystals

• Cell adhesion phenotype library with photonic crystal enhanced microscopy

  Zhuo, Y., Choi, J. S., Marin, T., Yu, H., Harley, B. A. & Cunningham, B. T., 2017, Bio-Optics: Design and Application, BODA 2017. OSA - The Optical Society, (Optics InfoBase Conference Papers; vol. Part F62-BODA 2017).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Photonic crystals
  • Cell adhesion
  • Microscopic examination
  • Stem cells
  • Cells

• Characterization of drug authenticity using thin-layer chromatography imaging with a mobile phone

  Yu, H., Le, H. M., Kaale, E., Long, K. D., Layloff, T., Lumetta, S. S. & Cunningham, B. T., Jun 5 2016, In: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 125, p. 85-93 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Thin layer chromatography
  • Cell Phone
  • Thin Layer Chromatography
  • Cellular telephones
  • Imaging techniques

• Characterization of liquid absorption and emission spectra using linear variable filters integrated with a CMOS camera

  Wan, Y., Carlson, J. A., Kesler, B. A., Peng, W., Su, P., Al-Mulla, S. A., Dallesasse, J. M. & Cunningham, B. T., Dec 16 2016, 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2016. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 7788359. (2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2016).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Absorption spectra
  • Image sensors
  • CMOS
  • emission spectra
  • platforms

• Colorimetric Plasmon Resonance Imaging Using Nano Lycurgus Cup Arrays

  Gartia, M. R., Hsiao, A., Pokhriyal, A., Seo, S., Kulsharova, G., Cunningham, B. T., Bond, T. C. & Liu, G. L., Jan 2013, In: Advanced Optical Materials. 1, 1, p. 68-76 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Plasmons
  • Color photography
  • color photography
  • plasmons
  • Imaging techniques

• Colorimetrics: Colorimetric Plasmon Resonance Imaging Using Nano Lycurgus Cup Arrays (Advanced Optical Materials 1/2013)

  Gartia, M. R., Hsiao, A., Pokhriyal, A., Seo, S., Kulsharova, G., Cunningham, B. T., Bond, T. C. & Liu, G. L., Jan 1 2013, In: Advanced Optical Materials. 1, 1, p. 1 1 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Plasmons
  • color photography
  • Optical materials
  • microfluidic devices
  • optical materials

• Compact characterization of liquid absorption and emission spectra using linear variable filters integrated with a CMOS imaging camera

  Wan, Y., Carlson, J. A., Kesler, B. A., Peng, W., Su, P., Al-Mulla, S. A., Lim, S. J., Smith, A. M., Dallesasse, J. M. & Cunningham, B. T., Jul 8 2016, In: Scientific reports. 6, 29117.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Absorption spectra
  • Spectral resolution
  • Imaging techniques
  • Fluorescence
  • Cameras

• Comparison of methods study between a photonic crystal biosensor and certified ELISA to measure biomarkers of iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease patients

  Peterson, R. D., Wilund, K. R., Cunningham, B. T. & Andrade, J. E., Oct 2017, In: Sensors (Switzerland). 17, 10, 2203.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • kidney diseases
  • Optics and Photonics
  • Photonic crystals
  • biomarkers
  • Biomarkers

• Design and demonstration of the transmission, reflection, and intensity (TRI)-analyzer instrument for portable spectroscopy

  Long, K. D., Woodburn, E. V. & Cunningham, B. T., Dec 19 2017, 2017 IEEE Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies, HI-POCT 2017. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., p. 253-256 4 p. (2017 IEEE Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies, HI-POCT 2017; vol. 2017-December).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Proof of Concept Study
  • diagnostic test
  • Biomarkers
  • Smartphone

• Detection of cancer biomarkers using fluorescence enhanced by silicon-based photonic crystals and bandgap-matching laser scanner

  George, S., Chaudhery, V., Lu, M. & Cunningham, B. T., 2012, Laser Science, LS 2012. Optical Society of America (OSA), (Laser Science, LS 2012).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Tumor Biomarkers
  • Photonic crystals
  • Silicon
  • Fluorescence
  • Energy gap

• Direct detection of transcription factors in cotyledons during seedling development using sensitive silicon-substrate photonic crystal protein arrays

  Jones, S. I., Tan, Y., Shamimuzzaman, M., George, S., Cunningham, B. T. & Vodkin, L., 2015, In: Plant physiology. 167, 3, p. 639-649 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Seedlings
  • photonics
  • Cotyledon
  • protein microarrays

• Discrete-frequency infrared microspectroscopy using monolithically integrated photonic filters

  Liu, J. N., Bhargava, R. & Cunningham, B. T., Nov 9 2015, 2015 IEEE Photonics Conference, IPC 2015. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., p. 627-628 2 p. 7323545. (2015 IEEE Photonics Conference, IPC 2015).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Photonics
  • Infrared radiation
  • Fourier transforms
  • Scanning

• Distributed feedback laser biosensor noise reduction

  Tan, Y., Chu, A., Lu, M. & Cunningham, B. T., 2013, In: IEEE Sensors Journal. 13, 5, p. 1972-1978 7 p., 6449276.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Distributed feedback lasers
  • Biosensors
  • distributed feedback lasers
  • bioinstrumentation
  • Noise abatement

• Distributed feedback laser biosensor noise reduction

  Tan, Y., Chu, A. & Cunningham, B. T., Dec 1 2012, 2012 IEEE Photonics Conference, IPC 2012. p. 210-211 2 p. 6358565. (2012 IEEE Photonics Conference, IPC 2012).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Distributed feedback lasers
  • Biosensors
  • Noise abatement
  • Wavelength
  • Signal processing

• Dynamic label-free imaging of live-cell adhesion using photonic crystal enhanced microscopy (PCEM)

  Zhuo, Y., Choi, J. S., Yu, H., Harley, B. A. C. & Cunningham, B. T., May 4 2015, CLEO: Science and Innovations, CLEO-SI 2015. Optical Society of America (OSA), 1 p. (CLEO: Science and Innovations, CLEO-SI 2015).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Photonic crystals
  • Cell adhesion
  • Microscopic examination
  • Labels
  • adhesion

• Dynamic label-free imaging of live-cell adhesion using photonic crystal enhanced microscopy (PCEM)

  Zhuo, Y., Choi, J. S., Yu, H., Harley, B. A. C. & Cunningham, B. T., Aug 10 2015, 2015 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2015. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 7184049. (Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical Digest; vol. 2015-August).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Photonic crystals
  • Cell adhesion
  • Microscopic examination
  • Labels
  • adhesion

• Enhanced emission of quantum dots embedded within the high-index dielectric regions of photonic crystal slabs

  See, G. G., Naughton, M. S., Xu, L., Nuzzo, R. G., Kenis, P. J. A. & Cunningham, B. T., Apr 25 2016, In: Applied Physics Letters. 108, 17, 171108.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • slabs
  • quantum dots
  • photonics
  • crystals
  • coating

• Enhanced fluorescence emission using a photonic crystal coupled to an optical cavity

  Pokhriyal, A., Lu, M., Chaudhery, V., George, S. & Cunningham, B. T., Nov 18 2013, CLEO: Science and Innovations, CLEO_SI 2013. p. CM4O.3 (CLEO: Science and Innovations, CLEO_SI 2013).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Photonic crystals
  • Fluorescence
  • fluorescence
  • photonics
  • cavities

• Enhanced fluorescence emission using a photonic crystal coupled to an optical cavity

  Pokhriyal, A., Lu, M., Chaudhery, V., George, S. & Cunningham, B. T., Jun 3 2013, In: Applied Physics Letters. 102, 22, 221114.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • fluorescence
  • photonics
  • cavities
  • signal to noise ratios
  • crystals

• Enhanced fluorescence emission using a photonic crystal coupled to an optical cavity

  Pokhriyal, A., Lu, M., Chaudhery, V., George, S. & Cunningham, B. T., Jan 1 2013, 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2013. IEEE Computer Society, 6833303. (2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2013).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Photonic crystals
  • Fluorescence
  • Fluorophores
  • Polypeptides
  • Biomolecules

• Enhanced sandwich immunoassay using antibody-functionalized magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles for extraction and detection of soluble transferrin receptor on a photonic crystal biosensor

  Peterson, R. D., Chen, W., Cunningham, B. T. & Andrade, J. E., Dec 5 2015, In: Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 74, p. 815-822 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Photonic crystals
  • Iron oxides
  • Antibodies
  • ferric oxide

• External cavity laser biosensor

  Ge, C., Lu, M., George, S., Wagner, C. J., Zheng, J., Pokhriyal, A., Eden, J. G. & Cunningham, B. T., Dec 1 2012, 2012 IEEE Photonics Conference, IPC 2012. p. 151-152 2 p. 6358534. (2012 IEEE Photonics Conference, IPC 2012).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Laser resonators
  • Biosensors
  • Bandwidth

• External cavity laser biosensor

  Zhang, M., Ge, C., Lu, M., Wagner, C. J., Zheng, J., Pokhriyal, A., Eden, J. G. & Cunningham, B. T., 2013, Laser Science, LS 2013. Optical Society of America (OSA), (Optics InfoBase Conference Papers).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Laser resonators
  • Laser modes
  • Biomolecules
  • Biosensors
  • bioinstrumentation

• External cavity laser biosensor

  Zhang, M., Ge, C., Lu, M., Wagner, C. J., Zheng, J., Pokhriyal, A., Eden, J. G. & Cunningham, B. T., Jan 1 2013, Laser Science, LS 2013. Optical Society of America, (Optics InfoBase Conference Papers).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Laser resonators
  • Laser modes
  • Biomolecules
  • Biosensors
  • bioinstrumentation

• External cavity laser biosensor

  Ge, C., Lu, M., George, S., Flood, T. A., Wagner, C., Zheng, J., Pokhriyal, A., Eden, J. G., Hergenrother, P. J. & Cunningham, B. T., Apr 7 2013, In: Lab on a chip. 13, 7, p. 1247-1256 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Laser resonators
  • Optics and Photonics
  • Photonic crystals
  • Biosensing Techniques
  • Biosensors

• Foreword

  Cunningham, B. T., Dec 1 2012, In: Photonic Bandgap Structures: Novel Technological Platforms for Physical, Chemical and Biological Sensing.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• Hands-free smartphone-based diagnostics for simultaneous detection of Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue at point-of-care

  Ganguli, A., Ornob, A., Yu, H., Damhorst, G. L., Chen, W., Sun, F., Bhuiya, A., Cunningham, B. T. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2017, In: Biomedical microdevices. 19, 4, 73.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Smartphone
  • Dengue
  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • Smartphones
  • Blood

• High sensitivity automated multiplexed immunoassays using photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence microfluidic system

  Tan, Y., Tang, T., Xu, H., Zhu, C. & Cunningham, B. T., Nov 5 2015, In: Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 73, p. 32-40 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Photonic crystals
  • Automation
  • Microfluidics
  • Assays

• Innovative techniques for evaluating behavioral nutrition interventions

  Scherr, R. E., Laugero, K. D., Graham, D. J., Cunningham, B. T., Jahns, L., Lora, K. R., Reicks, M. & Mobley, A. R., 2017, In: Advances in Nutrition. 8, 1, p. 113-125 13 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • nutritional intervention
  • Smartphone
  • Biosensing Techniques
  • Carotenoids
  • mobile telephones

• Integration of linear variable filters on CMOS for compact emission and absorption sensing

  Carlson, J. A., Wan, Y., Kesler, B. A., Peng, W., Al-Mulla, S. A., Su, P., Dallesasse, J. M. & Cunningham, B. T., Jan 5 2017, IEEE Sensors, SENSORS 2016 - Proceedings. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 7808414. (Proceedings of IEEE Sensors).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Spectrometers
  • Fluorescence
  • Spectral resolution
  • Semiconductor quantum dots
  • Spectrum analyzers

• Isolation, Detection, and Quantification of Cancer Biomarkers in HPV-Associated Malignancies

  Inan, H., Wang, S., Inci, F., Baday, M., Zangar, R., Kesiraju, S., Anderson, K. S., Cunningham, B. T. & Demirci, U., Dec 1 2017, In: Scientific reports. 7, 1, 3322.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Tumor Biomarkers
  • Papillomavirus Infections
  • Immunoassay
  • Antibodies
  • Neoplasms

• Label-free biodetection using a smartphone

  Gallegos, D., Long, K. D., Yu, H., Clark, P. P., Lin, Y., George, S., Nath, P. & Cunningham, B. T., Jun 7 2013, In: Lab on a chip. 13, 11, p. 2124-2132 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Photonic crystals
  • Smartphone
  • Biosensing Techniques
  • Biosensors

• Label-free biosensor imaging on photonic crystal surfaces

  Zhuo, Y. & Cunningham, B. T., Aug 28 2015, In: Sensors (Switzerland). 15, 9, p. 21613-21635 23 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Photonic crystals
  • Biosensing Techniques
  • Biosensors
  • bioinstrumentation

• Large infrared absorptance of bimaterial microcantilevers based on silicon high contrast grating

  Kwon, B., Seong, M., Liu, J. N., Rosenberger, M. R., Schulmerich, M. V., Bhargava, R., Cunningham, B. T. & King, W. P., Oct 21 2013, In: Journal of Applied Physics. 114, 15, 153511.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • absorptance
  • gratings
  • silicon
  • bandwidth
  • sensitivity

• Lasing emission from plasmonic nanodome arrays

  Wu, H. Y., Liu, L., Lu, M. & Cunningham, B. T., Dec 16 2016, 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2016. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 7787681. (2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2016).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Plasmonics
  • domes
  • lasing
  • Domes
  • laser arrays

• Lasing Emission from Plasmonic Nanodome Arrays

  Wu, H. Y., Liu, L., Lu, M. & Cunningham, B. T., May 1 2016, In: Advanced Optical Materials. 4, 5, p. 708-714 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Plasmonics
  • lasing
  • Domes
  • domes
  • Lasers

• Line-scanning detection instrument for photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence

  Chaudhery, V., Lu, M., Huang, C. S., Polans, J., Tan, R., Zangar, R. C. & Cunningham, B. T., Jul 1 2012, In: Optics Letters. 37, 13, p. 2565-2567 3 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • fluorescence
  • photonics
  • scanning
  • crystal surfaces
  • crystals

• Medical diagnostics with mobile devices: Comparison of intrinsic and extrinsic sensing

  Kwon, L., Long, K. D., Wan, Y., Yu, H. & Cunningham, B. T., May 1 2016, In: Biotechnology Advances. 34, 3, p. 291-304 14 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Handheld Computers
  • Smartphone
  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • Precision Medicine
  • Global Health

• Mobile Platform for Multiplexed Detection and Differentiation of Disease-Specific Nucleic Acid Sequences, Using Microfluidic Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and Smartphone Detection

  Chen, W., Yu, H., Sun, F., Ornob, A., Brisbin, R., Ganguli, A., Vemuri, V., Strzebonski, P., Cui, G., Allen, K. J., Desai, S. A., Lin, W., Nash, D. M., Hirschberg, D. L., Brooks, I., Bashir, R. & Cunningham, B. T., Nov 7 2017, In: Analytical chemistry. 89, 21, p. 11219-11226 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nucleic acid sequences
  • Pathogens
  • Microfluidics
  • Amplification
  • Smartphones

• Multimode smartphone biosensing: The transmission, reflection, and intensity spectral (TRI)-analyzer

  Long, K. D., Woodburn, E. V., Le, H. M., Shah, U. K., Lumetta, S. S. & Cunningham, B. T., Oct 7 2017, In: Lab on a chip. 17, 19, p. 3246-3257 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Smartphone
  • Assays
  • Smartphones
  • Microfluidics
  • Point-of-Care Systems

• Multiplexed cancer biomarker detection using quartz-based photonic crystal surfaces

  Huang, C. S., Chaudhery, V., Pokhriyal, A., George, S., Polans, J., Lu, M., Tan, R., Zangar, R. C. & Cunningham, B. T., Jan 17 2012, In: Analytical chemistry. 84, 2, p. 1126-1133 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Photonic crystals
  • Quartz
  • Biomarkers
  • Fluorescence
  • Tumor Biomarkers