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• 3-D biofabrication using stereolithography for biology and medicine

  Bajaj, P., Chan, V., Jeong, J. H., Zorlutuna, P., Kong, H. & Bashir, R., Dec 14 2012, 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2012. p. 6805-6808 4 p. 6347557. (Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Stereolithography
  • Medicine
  • Electrophoresis
  • Tissue engineering
  • Scaffolds

• 3-D biofabrication using stereolithography for biology and medicine.

  Bajaj, P., Chan, V., Jeong, J. H., Zorlutuna, P., Kong, H. & Bashir, R., 2012, In: Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference. p. 6805-6808 4 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Stereolithography
  • Medicine
  • Electrophoresis
  • Tissue engineering
  • Scaffolds

• 3D fabrication of biological machines

  Chan, V., Kong, H. J. & Bashir, R., Oct 31 2013, 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2013. p. 314-317 4 p. 6609500. (Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Biomaterials
  • Cells
  • Fabrication
  • Biocompatible Materials
  • Cell Count

• 3D Printed Stem-Cell-Laden, Microchanneled Hydrogel Patch for the Enhanced Release of Cell-Secreting Factors and Treatment of Myocardial Infarctions

  Melhem, M. R., Park, J., Knapp, L., Reinkensmeyer, L., Cvetkovic, C., Flewellyn, J., Lee, M. K., Jensen, T. W., Bashir, R., Kong, H. & Schook, L. B., Sep 11 2017, In: ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering. 3, 9, p. 1980-1987 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Stem cells
  • Hydrogels
  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel
  • Gels
  • Microchannels

• 3D printing for preoperative planning and surgical training: a review

  Ganguli, A., Pagan-Diaz, G. J., Grant, L., Cvetkovic, C., Bramlet, M., Vozenilek, J., Kesavadas, T. & Bashir, R., Sep 1 2018, In: Biomedical microdevices. 20, 3, 65.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Three-Dimensional Printing
  • Printing
  • Audiovisual Aids
  • Planning
  • Diagnostic Imaging

• A liposome-based ion release impedance sensor for biological detection

  Damhorst, G. L., Smith, C. E., Salm, E. M., Sobieraj, M. M., Ni, H., Kong, H. & Bashir, R., Oct 2013, In: Biomedical microdevices. 15, 5, p. 895-905 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Liposomes
  • Electric Impedance
  • Biomolecules
  • Ions
  • Pathogens

• A microfluidic biochip platform for electrical quantification of proteins

  Valera, E., Berger, J., Hassan, U., Ghonge, T., Liu, J., Rappleye, M., Winter, J., Abboud, D., Haidry, Z., Healey, R., Hung, N. T., Leung, N., Mansury, N., Hasnain, A., Lannon, C., Price, Z., White, K. & Bashir, R., May 21 2018, In: Lab on a chip. 18, 10, p. 1461-1470 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Biochips
  • Biomarkers
  • Microfluidics
  • Proteins
  • Sepsis

• A microfluidic technique to estimate antigen expression on particles

  Ghonge, T., Ganguli, A., Valera, E., Saadah, M., Damhorst, G. L., Berger, J., Pagan Diaz, G., Hassan, U., Chheda, M., Haidry, Z., Liu, S., Hwu, C. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2017, In: APL Bioengineering. 1, 1, 016103.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Antigens
  • Microfluidics
  • neutravidin
  • Assays
  • Biotin

• A modular approach to the design, fabrication, and characterization of muscle-powered biological machines

  Raman, R., Cvetkovic, C. & Bashir, R., Mar 1 2017, In: Nature Protocols. 12, 3, p. 519-533 15 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Skeleton
  • Muscle
  • Actuators
  • Fabrication
  • Muscles

• A point-of-care microfluidic biochip for quantification of CD64 expression from whole blood for sepsis stratification

  Hassan, U., Ghonge, T., Reddy, B., Patel, M., Rappleye, M., Taneja, I., Tanna, A., Healey, R., Manusry, N., Price, Z., Jensen, T., Berger, J., Hasnain, A., Flaugher, E., Liu, S., Davis, B., Kumar, J., White, K. & Bashir, R., Jul 3 2017, In: Nature communications. 8, 15949.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Biochips
  • leukocytes
  • Microfluidics
  • stratification
  • Point-of-Care Systems

• A semiconductor bio-electrical platform with addressable thermal control circuits for accelerated bioassay development

  Chen, T. T., Wen, C. H., Huang, J. C., Peng, Y. C., Liu, S., Su, S. H., Cheng, L. H., Lai, H. C., Liao, T. C., Lai, F. L., Cheng, C. W., Yang, C. K., Yang, J. H., Hsieh, Y. J., Salm, E., Reddy, B., Tsui, F., Liu, Y. S., Bashir, R. & Chen, M., Feb 20 2015, In: Technical Digest - International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM. 2015-February, February, p. 15.4.1-15.4.4 7047058.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Conference article › peer-review

  • Bioassay
  • bioassay
  • Semiconductor materials
  • platforms
  • pixels

• Biodegradable Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Microcells as Power Supplies for Transient Biomedical Implants

  Lu, L., Yang, Z., Meacham, K., Cvetkovic, C., Corbin, E. A., Vázquez-Guardado, A., Xue, M., Yin, L., Boroumand, J., Pakeltis, G., Sang, T., Yu, K. J., Chanda, D., Bashir, R., Gereau, R. W., Sheng, X. & Rogers, J. A., Jun 5 2018, In: Advanced Energy Materials. 8, 16, 1703035.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Monocrystalline silicon
  • Oils and fats
  • Wavelength
  • Skin
  • Tissue

• Biodegradable thin metal foils and spin-on glass materials for transient electronics

  Kang, S. K., Hwang, S. W., Yu, S., Seo, J. H., Corbin, E. A., Shin, J., Wie, D. S., Bashir, R., Ma, Z. & Rogers, J. A., Mar 25 2015, In: Advanced Functional Materials. 25, 12, p. 1789-1797 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • metal foils
  • Metal foil
  • Glass
  • encapsulating
  • glass

• Biohybrid actuators for robotics: A review of devices actuated by living cells

  Ricotti, L., Trimmer, B., Feinberg, A. W., Raman, R., Parker, K. K., Bashir, R., Sitti, M., Martel, S., Dario, P. & Menciassi, A., Nov 22 2017, In: Science Robotics. 2, 12, eaaq0495.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Actuator
  • Robotics
  • Cells
  • Molecular Motor
  • Integrated System

• Biomedical micro and nanotechnology: From lab-on-chip to building systems with cells

  Hassan, U., Bajaj, P., Damhorst, G. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2013, 2013 Transducers and Eurosensors XXVII: The 17th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, TRANSDUCERS and EUROSENSORS 2013. p. 2539-2543 5 p. 6627323. (2013 Transducers and Eurosensors XXVII: The 17th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, TRANSDUCERS and EUROSENSORS 2013).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Nanotechnology
  • T-cells
  • Nucleic acids
  • Pathogens
  • Tissue engineering

• Biomedical micro and nanotechnology: From lab-on-chip to building with cells

  Hassan, U., Bajaj, P., Salm, E., Damhorst, G. & Bashir, R., Dec 16 2013, 71st Device Research Conference, DRC 2013 - Conference Digest. 1 p. 6633767. (Device Research Conference - Conference Digest, DRC).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

• Biomimicry, Biofabrication, and Biohybrid Systems: The Emergence and Evolution of Biological Design

  Raman, R. & Bashir, R., Oct 25 2017, In: Advanced Healthcare Materials. 6, 20, 1700496.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Biological Evolution
  • Curriculum
  • History
  • Curricula
  • Systems analysis

• Bionanoscience in health and medicine

  Bashir, R., May 2012, In: Proceedings of the IEEE. 100, 5, p. 1015-1016 2 p., 6183039.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanotechnology
  • Medicine
  • Health
  • Biological systems
  • DNA

• Biophysical properties of human breast cancer cells measured using silicon MEMS resonators and atomic force microscopy

  Corbin, E. A., Kong, F., Lim, C. T., King, W. P. & Bashir, R., Feb 7 2015, In: Lab on a chip. 15, 3, p. 839-847 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems
  • Atomic force microscopy
  • Atomic Force Microscopy
  • Silicon
  • Cells

• Cardiac myocytes' dynamic contractile behavior differs depending on heart segment

  De Souza, E. J., Ahmed, W., Chan, V., Bashir, R. & Saif, T., Feb 2013, In: Biotechnology and bioengineering. 110, 2, p. 628-636 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Cardiac Myocytes
  • Muscle Cells
  • Heart
  • Video Microscopy
  • Microscopic examination

• Cardiomyocyte Imaging Using Real-Time Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (SLIM)

  Bhaduri, B., Wickland, D., Wang, R., Chan, V., Bashir, R. & Popescu, G., Feb 15 2013, In: PloS one. 8, 2, e56930.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Interference Microscopy
  • Light interference
  • cardiomyocytes
  • Liquid Crystals
  • Microscopic examination

• Characterization of a 1024 × 1024 DG-BioFET platform

  Duarte-Guevara, C., Swaminathan, V., Reddy, B., Wen, C. H., Huang, Y. J., Huang, J. C., Liu, Y. S. & Bashir, R., 2017, In: Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical. 250, p. 100-110 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Field effect transistors
  • platforms
  • Amplification
  • field effect transistors
  • characterization

• Characterization of mass and swelling of hydrogel microstructures using MEMS resonant mass sensor arrays

  Millet, L. J., Corbin, E. A., Free, R., Park, K., Kong, H., King, W. P. & Bashir, R., Aug 20 2012, In: Small. 8, 16, p. 2555-2562 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Hydrogels
  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel
  • Sensor arrays
  • Swelling
  • MEMS

• Combining Biomarkers with EMR Data to Identify Patients in Different Phases of Sepsis

  Taneja, I., Reddy, B., Damhorst, G., Dave Zhao, S., Hassan, U., Price, Z., Jensen, T., Ghonge, T., Patel, M., Wachspress, S., Winter, J., Rappleye, M., Smith, G., Healey, R., Ajmal, M., Khan, M., Patel, J., Rawal, H., Sarwar, R., Soni, S. & 6 others, Anwaruddin, S., Davis, B., Kumar, J., White, K., Bashir, R. & Zhu, R., Dec 1 2017, In: Scientific reports. 7, 1, 10800.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Electronic Health Records
  • Sepsis
  • Biomarkers
  • Area Under Curve
  • Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein

• Coupled heterogeneous nanowire-nanoplate planar transistor sensors for giant (>10 V/pH) nernst response

  Go, J., Nair, P. R., Reddy, B., Dorvel, B., Bashir, R. & Alam, M. A., Jul 24 2012, In: ACS Nano. 6, 7, p. 5972-5979 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanowires
  • Transistors
  • nanowires
  • transistors
  • Ion sensitive field effect transistors

• Damage, Healing, and Remodeling in Optogenetic Skeletal Muscle Bioactuators

  Raman, R., Grant, L., Seo, Y., Cvetkovic, C., Gapinske, M., Palasz, A., Dabbous, H., Kong, H., Pinera, P. P. & Bashir, R., Jun 21 2017, In: Advanced Healthcare Materials. 6, 12, 1700030.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Optogenetics
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Three-Dimensional Printing
  • Technology

• Defining the frontiers of bioengineering education at Illinois and beyond

  Amos, J. R., Bashir, R., Cross, K. J., Herman, G. L., Loewenstein, J., Pool, M. A. & Silverman, D., Jun 24 2017, In: ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings. 2017-June

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Conference article › peer-review

  • Bioengineering
  • Curricula
  • Education
  • Teaching
  • Students

• Detecting sepsis by observing neutrophil motility

  Hassan, U., Valera, E. & Bashir, R., Apr 1 2018, In: Nature biomedical engineering. 2, 4, p. 197-198 2 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• Detection and quantification of methylation in DNA using solid-state nanopores

  Shim, J., Humphreys, G. I., Venkatesan, B. M., Munz, J. M., Zou, X., Sathe, C., Schulten, K., Kosari, F., Nardulli, A. M., Vasmatzis, G. & Bashir, R., 2013, In: Scientific reports. 3, 1389.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanopores
  • DNA Methylation
  • Methylation
  • Epigenomics
  • 5-Methylcytosine

• Detection of methylation on dsDNA using nanopores in a MoS₂ membrane

  Shim, J., Banerjee, S., Qiu, H., Smithe, K. K. H., Estrada, D., Bello, J., Pop, E., Schulten, K. & Bashir, R., Oct 31 2017, In: Nanoscale. 9, 39, p. 14836-14845 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Methylation
  • Nanopores
  • Membranes
  • DNA
  • Carrier Proteins

• Development of miniaturized walking biological machines

  Chan, V., Park, K., Collens, M. B., Kong, H., Saif, T. A. & Bashir, R., 2012, In: Scientific reports. 2, 857.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Locomotion
  • Cardiac Myocytes
  • Walking
  • Leg
  • Friction

• Direct DNA sequencing using nanopore sensors

  Bashir, R., Apr 1 2013, In: Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. 33, 7, p. 34-35+45

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• Directed cell growth and alignment on protein-patterned 3D hydrogels with stereolithography: In this tissue engineering application, PEG-based hydrogels with different fibronectin patterns were fabricated and the influence of the protein patterns on shape and direction of seeded cells was studied

  Chan, V., Collens, M. B., Jeong, J. H., Park, K., Kong, H. & Bashir, R., Sep 1 2012, In: Virtual and Physical Prototyping. 7, 3, p. 219-228 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Stereolithography
  • Fibronectin
  • Hydrogel
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Cell growth

• Effect of biointerfacing linker chemistries on the sensitivity of silicon nanowires for protein detection

  Dorvel, B., Reddy, B. & Bashir, R., Oct 15 2013, In: Analytical chemistry. 85, 20, p. 9493-9500 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanowires
  • Silicon
  • Oxides
  • Proteins
  • Polyethylene glycols

• Electrical flow metering of blood for point-of-care diagnostics

  Watkins, N., Hassan, U., Rodriguez, W. & Bashir, R., Dec 14 2012, 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2012. p. 3255-3257 3 p. 6346659. (Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • Blood
  • Microfluidics
  • Microelectrodes
  • Leukocyte Count

• Electrochemistry at the edge of a single graphene layer in a nanopore

  Banerjee, S., Shim, J., Rivera, J., Jin, X., Estrada, D., Solovyeva, V., You, X., Pak, J., Pop, E., Aluru, N. & Bashir, R., Jan 22 2013, In: ACS Nano. 7, 1, p. 834-843 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanopores
  • Electrochemistry
  • Graphite
  • electrochemistry
  • Graphene

• Electron beam induced local crystallization of HfO₂ nanopores for biosensing applications

  Shim, J., Rivera, J. A. & Bashir, R., Nov 21 2013, In: Nanoscale. 5, 22, p. 10887-10893 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanopores
  • Crystallization
  • Electron beams
  • Graphite
  • Membranes

• Electronic desalting for controlling the ionic environment in droplet-based biosensing platforms

  Swaminathan, V. V., Dak, P., Reddy, B., Salm, E., Duarte-Guevara, C., Zhong, Y., Fischer, A., Liu, Y. S., Alam, M. A. & Bashir, R., Feb 2 2015, In: Applied Physics Letters. 106, 5, 053105.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • salts
  • platforms
  • electronics
  • platinum black
  • electrodes

• Enabling microscale and nanoscale approaches for bioengineered cardiac tissue

  Chan, V., Raman, R., Cvetkovic, C. & Bashir, R., Mar 26 2013, In: ACS Nano. 7, 3, p. 1830-1837 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • microbalances
  • Tissue
  • Carbon Nanotubes
  • Methacrylates
  • gelatins

• Engineering as a new frontier for translational medicine

  Chien, S., Bashir, R., Nerem, R. M. & Pettigrew, R., Apr 1 2015, In: Science Translational Medicine. 7, 281, 281fs13.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Translational Medical Research
  • Medicine
  • Delivery of Health Care
  • Therapeutics

• Enhanced sub-micron colloidal particle separation with interdigitated microelectrode arrays using mixed AC/DC dielectrophoretic scheme

  Swaminathan, V. V., Shannon, M. A. & Bashir, R., Jan 1 2015, In: Biomedical microdevices. 17, 2

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Microelectrodes
  • Electrodes
  • 1-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride
  • DNA Viruses
  • Static Electricity

• Evidence of differential mass change rates between human breast cancer cell lines in culture

  Corbin, E. A., Adeniba, O. O., Cangellaris, O. V., King, W. P. & Bashir, R., Mar 1 2017, In: Biomedical microdevices. 19, 1, 10.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Cell culture
  • Cells
  • Breast Neoplasms
  • Cell Line
  • Growth

• Fabrication and characterization of optogenetic, multi-strip cardiac muscles

  Chan, V., Neal, D. M., Uzel, S. G. M., Kim, H., Bashir, R. & Asada, H. H., May 21 2015, In: Lab on a chip. 15, 10, p. 2258-2268 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Optogenetics
  • Muscle
  • Myocardium
  • Fabrication
  • Tissue engineering

• Glacier moraine formation-mimicking colloidal particle assembly in microchanneled, bioactive hydrogel for guided vascular network construction

  Lee, M. K., Rich, M. H., Shkumatov, A., Jeong, J. H., Boppart, M. D., Bashir, R., Gillette, M. U., Lee, J. & Kong, H., Jan 1 2015, In: Advanced Healthcare Materials. 4, 2, p. 195-201 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Glaciers
  • Ice Cover
  • Hydrogels
  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel
  • Microchannels

• Graphene-Based Platform for Infrared Near-Field Nanospectroscopy of Water and Biological Materials in an Aqueous Environment

  Khatib, O., Wood, J. D., McLeod, A. S., Goldflam, M. D., Wagner, M., Damhorst, G. L., Koepke, J. C., Doidge, G. P., Rangarajan, A., Bashir, R., Pop, E., Lyding, J. W., Thiemens, M. H., Keilmann, F. & Basov, D. N., Aug 25 2015, In: ACS Nano. 9, 8, p. 7968-7975 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Graphite
  • Biological materials
  • Graphene
  • Near field scanning optical microscopy
  • viruses

• Graphene nanopores for nucleic acid analysis

  Shim, J., Solovyeva, V., Estrada, D., Banerjee, S., Rivera, J., Pop, E. & Bashir, R., 2012, 2012 12th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology, NANO 2012. 6322237

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Nanopores
  • Nucleic acids
  • Graphite
  • nucleic acids
  • Graphene

• Hands-free smartphone-based diagnostics for simultaneous detection of Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue at point-of-care

  Ganguli, A., Ornob, A., Yu, H., Damhorst, G. L., Chen, W., Sun, F., Bhuiya, A., Cunningham, B. T. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2017, In: Biomedical microdevices. 19, 4, 73.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Smartphone
  • Dengue
  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • Smartphones
  • Blood

• Hydrodynamic loading and viscous damping of patterned perforations on microfabricated resonant structures

  Park, K., Shim, J., Solovyeva, V., Corbin, E., Banerjee, S. & Bashir, R., Apr 9 2012, In: Applied Physics Letters. 100, 15, 154107.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • viscous damping
  • perforation
  • hydrodynamics
  • penetration
  • perforating

• Impedance microbiology and microbial screening strategy for detecting pathogens in food

  Flint, S., Naila, A. & Bashir, R., Jan 1 2015, High Throughput Screening for Food Safety Assessment: Biosensor Technologies, Hyperspectral Imaging and Practical Applications. Elsevier Inc., p. 285-300 16 p.

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter

  • Microbiology
  • Pathogens
  • food pathogens
  • microbiology
  • Electric Impedance

• Improved graphene growth and fluorination on Cu with clean transfer to surfaces

  Wood, J. D., Schmucker, S. W., Haasch, R. T., Doidge, G. P., Nienhaus, L., Damhorst, G. L., Lyons, A. S., Gruebele, M., Bashir, R., Pop, E. & Lyding, J. W., Nov 22 2012, 2012 12th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology, NANO 2012. 6322101. (Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Fluorination
  • fluorination
  • Graphite
  • Graphene
  • graphene