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• Ultralocalized thermal reactions in subnanoliter droplets-in-air

  Salm, E., Guevara, C. D., Dak, P., Dorvel, B. R., Reddy, B., Alam, M. A. & Bashir, R., Feb 26 2013, In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110, 9, p. 3310-3315 6 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Air
  • Nucleic Acid Denaturation
  • Hot Temperature
  • Temperature
  • Silicon

• Ultra-localized single cell electroporation using silicon nanowires

  Jokilaakso, N., Salm, E., Chen, A., Millet, L., Guevara, C. D., Dorvel, B., Reddy, B., Karlstrom, A. E., Chen, Y., Ji, H., Sooryakumar, R. & Bashir, R., Feb 7 2013, In: Lab on a chip. 13, 3, p. 336-339 4 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanowires
  • Electroporation
  • Silicon
  • Cells
  • Developmental Biology

• Tailoring the dependency between rigidity and water uptake of a microfabricated hydrogel with the conformational rigidity of a polymer cross-linker

  Schmidt, J. J., Jeong, J. H., Chan, V., Cha, C., Baek, K., Lai, M. H., Bashir, R. & Kong, H., May 13 2013, In: Biomacromolecules. 14, 5, p. 1361-1369 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Hydrogels
  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel
  • Rigidity
  • Polymers
  • Methacrylates

• Smartphone-imaged microfluidic biochip for measuring CD64 expression from whole blood

  Ghonge, T., Ceylan Koydemir, H., Valera, E., Berger, J., Garcia, C., Nawar, N., Tiao, J., Damhorst, G. L., Ganguli, A., Hassan, U., Ozcan, A. & Bashir, R., Jul 7 2019, In: Analyst. 144, 13, p. 3925-3935 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Flow cytometry
  • Biochips
  • Smartphone
  • Microfluidics
  • flow cytometry

• Simulation and Fabrication of Stronger, Larger, and Faster Walking Biohybrid Machines

  Pagan-Diaz, G. J., Zhang, X., Grant, L., Kim, Y., Aydin, O., Cvetkovic, C., Ko, E., Solomon, E., Hollis, J., Kong, H., Saif, T., Gazzola, M. & Bashir, R., Jun 6 2018, In: Advanced Functional Materials. 28, 23, 1801145.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • walking machines
  • Scaffolds
  • Tissue
  • Robotics
  • Actuators

• Robust label-free microRNA detection using one million ISFET array

  Ganguli, A., Watanabe, Y., Hwang, M. T., Huang, J. C. & Bashir, R., Jun 2 2018, In: Biomedical microdevices. 20, 2, 1 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Ion sensitive field effect transistors
  • Nucleic acids
  • Assays
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Molecules

• Point-of-care sensors for the management of sepsis

  Reddy, B., Hassan, U., Seymour, C., Angus, D. C., Isbell, T. S., White, K., Weir, W., Yeh, L., Vincent, A. & Bashir, R., Sep 1 2018, In: Nature biomedical engineering. 2, 9, p. 640-648 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • Sepsis
  • Health
  • Sensors
  • Infection

• Pixelated spatial gene expression analysis from tissue

  Ganguli, A., Ornob, A., Spegazzini, N., Liu, Y., Damhorst, G., Ghonge, T., Thornton, B., Konopka, C. J., Dobrucki, W., Clare, S. E., Bhargava, R., Smith, A. M., Kosari, F. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2018, In: Nature communications. 9, 1, 202.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • gene expression
  • Gene expression
  • Tissue
  • ribonucleic acids
  • Amplification

• Perspective: The promise of multi-cellular engineered living systems

  Kamm, R. D., Bashir, R., Arora, N., Dar, R. D., Gillette, M. U., Griffith, L. G., Kemp, M. L., Kinlaw, K., Levin, M., Martin, A. C., McDevitt, T. C., Nerem, R. M., Powers, M. J., Saif, T. A., Sharpe, J., Takayama, S., Takeuchi, S., Weiss, R., Ye, K., Yevick, H. G. & 1 others, Zaman, M. H., Dec 1 2018, In: APL Bioengineering. 2, 4, 040901.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Bioprinting
  • Cytology
  • Stem cells
  • Organoids
  • Assays

• Patterned Three-Dimensional Encapsulation of Embryonic Stem Cells using Dielectrophoresis and Stereolithography

  Bajaj, P., Marchwiany, D., Duarte, C. & Bashir, R., Mar 2013, In: Advanced Healthcare Materials. 2, 3, p. 450-458 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Stereolithography
  • Stem cells
  • Hydrogels
  • Electrophoresis
  • Encapsulation

• Optomechanical microrheology of single adherent cancer cells

  Adeniba, O. O., Corbin, E. A., Ewoldt, R. H. & Bashir, R., Mar 1 2018, In: APL Bioengineering. 2, 1, 016108.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Cells
  • Viscoelastic Substances
  • Cell membranes
  • Soft materials
  • Mechanical properties

• Optogenetic skeletal muscle-powered adaptive biological machines

  Raman, R., Cvetkovic, C., Uzel, S. G. M., Platt, R. J., Sengupta, P., Kamm, R. D. & Bashir, R., Mar 29 2016, In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113, 13, p. 3497-3502 6 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Optogenetics
  • Bioengineering
  • Skeleton
  • Locomotion
  • Skeletal Muscle

• On-chip PMA labeling of foodborne pathogenic bacteria for viable qPCR and qLAMP detection

  Duarte-Guevara, P., Duarte-Guevara, C., Ornob, A. & Bashir, R., Aug 1 2016, In: Microfluidics and Nanofluidics. 20, 8, 114.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • propidium monoazide
  • Bacteria
  • bacteria
  • marking
  • Labeling

• On-chip parallel detection of foodborne pathogens using loop-mediated isothermal amplification

  Duarte, C., Salm, E., Dorvel, B., Reddy, B. & Bashir, R., Oct 2013, In: Biomedical microdevices. 15, 5, p. 821-830 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Pathogens
  • Silicon
  • Amplification
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Nucleic acids

• On-chip magnetic separation and encapsulation of cells in droplets

  Chen, A., Byvank, T., Chang, W. J., Bharde, A., Vieira, G., Miller, B. L., Chalmers, J. J., Bashir, R. & Sooryakumar, R., Mar 21 2013, In: Lab on a chip. 13, 6, p. 1172-1181 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Magnetic separation
  • Cell Separation
  • Encapsulation
  • Sorting
  • Cells

• On-chip electrical detection of parallel loop-mediated isothermal amplification with DG-BioFETs for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens

  Duarte-Guevara, C., Swaminathan, V. V., Reddy, B., Huang, J. C., Liu, Y. S. & Bashir, R., Jan 1 2016, In: RSC Advances. 6, 106, p. 103872-103887 16 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Pathogens
  • Amplification
  • Assays
  • Gold
  • Nucleic acids

• Neuromuscular actuation of biohybrid motile bots

  Aydin, O., Zhang, X., Nuethong, S., Pagan-Diaz, G. J., Bashir, R., Gazzola, M. & Saif, M. T. A., Oct 1 2019, In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116, 40, p. 19841-19847 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Muscles
  • Locomotion
  • Motor Neurons
  • Optogenetics
  • Myoblasts

• Nanotextured superhydrophobic electrodes enable detection of attomolar-scale DNA concentration within a droplet by non-faradaic impedance spectroscopy

  Ebrahimi, A., Dak, P., Salm, E., Dash, S., Garimella, S. V., Bashir, R. & Alam, M. A., Nov 7 2013, In: Lab on a chip. 13, 21, p. 4248-4256 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Dielectric Spectroscopy
  • Spectroscopy
  • DNA
  • Electric Impedance
  • Electrodes

• Multivariate computational analysis of biosensor's data for improved CD64 quantification for sepsis diagnosis

  Hassan, U., Zhu, R. & Bashir, R., Apr 21 2018, In: Lab on a chip. 18, 8, p. 1231-1240 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Biosensing Techniques
  • Biosensors
  • Sepsis
  • Multivariate Analysis
  • Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

• Multiplexed detection of infectious diseases with microfluidic loop-mediated isothermal amplification and a smartphone

  Sun, F., Chen, W., Yu, H., Omob, A., Brisbin, R., Ganguli, A., Vemuri, V., Strzebonski, P., Cui, G., Allen, K. J., Desai, S. A., Lin, W., Nash, D. M., Hirschberg, D. L., Brooks, I., Bashir, R. & Cunningham, B. T., Dec 19 2017, 2017 IEEE Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies, HI-POCT 2017. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., p. 241-244 4 p. (2017 IEEE Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies, HI-POCT 2017; vol. 2017-December).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • pathogens
  • Pathogens
  • infectious diseases
  • Smartphone
  • Microfluidics

• Multi-cellular engineered living systems: Building a community around responsible research on emergence

  Sample, M., Boulicault, M., Allen, C., Bashir, R., Hyun, I., Levis, M., Lowenthal, C., Mertz, D., Montserrat, N., Palmer, M. J., Saha, K. & Zartman, J., Jul 10 2019, In: Biofabrication. 11, 4, 043001.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Seizing
  • Civil Rights
  • Organoids
  • Technology
  • Social Responsibility

• Monolayer MoS ₂ Nanoribbon Transistors Fabricated by Scanning Probe Lithography

  Chen, S., Kim, S., Chen, W., Yuan, J., Bashir, R., Lou, J., Van Der Zande, A. M. & King, W. P., Mar 13 2019, In: Nano letters. 19, 3, p. 2092-2098 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanoribbons
  • Carbon Nanotubes
  • Monolayers
  • Lithography
  • Transistors

• Modeling and Analysis of Intercalant Effects on Circular DNA Conformation

  Krueger, E., Shim, J., Fathizadeh, A., Chang, A. N., Subei, B., Yocham, K. M., Davis, P. H., Graugnard, E., Khalili-Araghi, F., Bashir, R., Estrada, D. & Fologea, D., Sep 27 2016, In: ACS Nano. 10, 9, p. 8910-8917 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Circular DNA
  • Conformations
  • DNA
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Nanopores

• Mobile Platform for Multiplexed Detection and Differentiation of Disease-Specific Nucleic Acid Sequences, Using Microfluidic Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and Smartphone Detection

  Chen, W., Yu, H., Sun, F., Ornob, A., Brisbin, R., Ganguli, A., Vemuri, V., Strzebonski, P., Cui, G., Allen, K. J., Desai, S. A., Lin, W., Nash, D. M., Hirschberg, D. L., Brooks, I., Bashir, R. & Cunningham, B. T., Nov 7 2017, In: Analytical chemistry. 89, 21, p. 11219-11226 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nucleic acid sequences
  • Pathogens
  • Microfluidics
  • Amplification
  • Smartphones

• Mobile biosensing using the sensing capabilities of smartphone cameras

  Cunningham, B. T., Long, K. D., Yu, H., Chen, W., Sun, F., Ornob, A., Ganguli, A., Lumetta, S. & Bashir, R., Jan 4 2018, 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications, IMWS-AMP 2017. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., p. 1-3 3 p. (2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications, IMWS-AMP 2017; vol. 2018-January).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Smartphones
  • cameras
  • Image processing
  • Health
  • Cameras

• Micromechanical properties of hydrogels measured with MEMS resonant sensors

  Corbin, E. A., Millet, L. J., Pikul, J. H., Johnson, C. L., Georgiadis, J. G., King, W. P. & Bashir, R., Apr 2013, In: Biomedical microdevices. 15, 2, p. 311-319 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Hydrogels
  • MEMS
  • poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate
  • Electrohydrodynamics
  • Drug delivery

• Microfluidic differential immunocapture biochip for specific leukocyte counting

  Hassan, U., Watkins, N. N., Reddy, B., Damhorst, G. & Bashir, R., Apr 1 2016, In: Nature Protocols. 11, 4, p. 714-726 13 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Biochips
  • Biosensors
  • Microfluidics
  • Leukocytes
  • Biosensing Techniques

• Microfluidic CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocyte counters for point-of-care HIV diagnostics using whole blood

  Watkins, N. N., Hassan, U., Damhorst, G., Ni, H., Vaid, A., Rodriguez, W. & Bashir, R., Dec 4 2013, In: Science Translational Medicine. 5, 214, 214ra170.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Microfluidics
  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • HIV
  • T-Lymphocytes
  • Equipment and Supplies

• Microcantilevers track single-cell mass

  Bashir, R., Nov 8 2016, In: Nature Biotechnology. 34, 11, p. 1125-11260 10136 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Short survey › peer-review

• Micro- and nanotechnology for HIV/AIDS diagnostics in resource-limited settings

  Damhorst, G. L., Watkins, N. N. & Bashir, R., 2013, In: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 60, 3, p. 715-726 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Viruses
  • Nanotechnology
  • T-cells
  • Immune system
  • Blood

• Matrix Topography Regulates Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction

  Ko, E., Yu, S. J., Pagan-Diaz, G. J., Mahmassani, Z., Boppart, M. D., Im, S. G., Bashir, R. & Kong, H., Mar 20 2019, In: Advanced Science. 6, 6, 1801521.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Neuromuscular Junction
  • Topography
  • Skeletal Muscle Fibers
  • Synaptic Transmission
  • topography

• Magnetophoretic-based microfluidic device for DNA Concentration

  Shim, S., Shim, J., Taylor, W. R., Kosari, F., Vasmatzis, G., Ahlquist, D. A. & Bashir, R., Apr 1 2016, In: Biomedical microdevices. 18, 2, p. 1-8 8 p., 28.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Lab-On-A-Chip Devices
  • Microfluidics
  • DNA
  • Nanofluidics
  • Nucleic acids

• Long-Term Cryopreservation and Revival of Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle

  Grant, L., Raman, R., Cvetkovic, C., Ferrall-Fairbanks, M. C., Pagan-Diaz, G. J., Hadley, P., Ko, E., Platt, M. O. & Bashir, R., Jul 1 2019, In: Tissue Engineering - Part A. 25, 13-14, p. 1023-1036 14 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Cryopreservation
  • Muscle
  • Tissue
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Freezing

• Localized Dielectric Loss Heating in Dielectrophoresis Devices

  Kwak, T. J., Hossen, I., Bashir, R., Chang, W. J. & Lee, C. H., Dec 1 2019, In: Scientific reports. 9, 1, 18977.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Heating
  • Temperature
  • Equipment and Supplies
  • Electrodes
  • Hot Temperature

• Investigating the Life Expectancy and Proteolytic Degradation of Engineered Skeletal Muscle Biological Machines

  Cvetkovic, C., Ferrall-Fairbanks, M. C., Ko, E., Grant, L., Kong, H., Platt, M. O. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2017, In: Scientific reports. 7, 1, 3775.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Life Expectancy
  • Peptide Hydrolases
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Matrix Metalloproteinases

• Integrated cantilever-based biosensors for the detection of chemical and biological entities

  Corbin, E. A., YekrangSafakar, A., Adeniba, O., Gupta, A., Park, K. & Bashir, R., Jan 1 2017, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine: Methods, Devices, and Applications, Second Edition. CRC Press, p. 469-529 61 p.

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter

  • Biosensing Techniques
  • Biosensors
  • Sensors
  • Vacuum
  • Air

• In situ self-folding assembly of a multi-walled hydrogel tube for uniaxial sustained molecular release

  Baek, K., Jeong, J. H., Shkumatov, A., Bashir, R. & Kong, H., Oct 18 2013, In: Advanced Materials. 25, 39, p. 5568-5573 6 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Hydrogels
  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel
  • Gels
  • poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate
  • Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

• HIV-1 IIIB capture from whole blood on magnetic microparticles

  Damhorst, G. L., Kooiman, J. M. & Bashir, R., Oct 13 2016, 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2016. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., p. 5785-5788 4 p. 7592042. (Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS; vol. 2016-October).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Antibodies
  • Blood
  • Proteins
  • HIV-1
  • Drug therapy

• High-Resolution Projection Microstereolithography for Patterning of Neovasculature

  Raman, R., Bhaduri, B., Mir, M., Shkumatov, A., Lee, M. K., Popescu, G., Kong, H. & Bashir, R., Mar 9 2016, In: Advanced Healthcare Materials. 5, 5, p. 610-619 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Stereolithography
  • Tissue engineering
  • Assays
  • Immunosorbents
  • Tissue

• Hands-free smartphone-based diagnostics for simultaneous detection of Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue at point-of-care

  Ganguli, A., Ornob, A., Yu, H., Damhorst, G. L., Chen, W., Sun, F., Bhuiya, A., Cunningham, B. T. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2017, In: Biomedical microdevices. 19, 4, 73.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Smartphone
  • Dengue
  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • Smartphones
  • Blood

• Evidence of differential mass change rates between human breast cancer cell lines in culture

  Corbin, E. A., Adeniba, O. O., Cangellaris, O. V., King, W. P. & Bashir, R., Mar 1 2017, In: Biomedical microdevices. 19, 1, 10.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Cell culture
  • Cells
  • Breast Neoplasms
  • Cell Line
  • Growth

• Engineering geometrical 3-dimensional untethered in vitro neural tissue mimic

  Pagan-Diaz, G. J., Ramos-Cruz, K. P., Sam, R., Kandel, M. E., Aydin, O., Saif, T. M. A., Popescu, G. & Bashir, R., Dec 17 2019, In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116, 51, p. 25932-25940 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Biomedical Research
  • In Vitro Techniques
  • Therapeutic Human Experimentation
  • Human Embryonic Stem Cells
  • Embryonic Stem Cells

• Enabling microscale and nanoscale approaches for bioengineered cardiac tissue

  Chan, V., Raman, R., Cvetkovic, C. & Bashir, R., Mar 26 2013, In: ACS Nano. 7, 3, p. 1830-1837 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • microbalances
  • Tissue
  • Carbon Nanotubes
  • Methacrylates
  • gelatins

• Electron beam induced local crystallization of HfO₂ nanopores for biosensing applications

  Shim, J., Rivera, J. A. & Bashir, R., Nov 21 2013, In: Nanoscale. 5, 22, p. 10887-10893 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanopores
  • Crystallization
  • Electron beams
  • Graphite
  • Membranes

• Electrochemistry at the edge of a single graphene layer in a nanopore

  Banerjee, S., Shim, J., Rivera, J., Jin, X., Estrada, D., Solovyeva, V., You, X., Pak, J., Pop, E., Aluru, N. & Bashir, R., Jan 22 2013, In: ACS Nano. 7, 1, p. 834-843 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanopores
  • Electrochemistry
  • Graphite
  • electrochemistry
  • Graphene

• Electrical Chips for Biological Point-of-Care Detection

  Reddy, B., Salm, E. & Bashir, R., Jul 11 2016, In: Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 18, p. 329-355 27 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Biochips
  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • Lab-on-a-chip
  • Multiplexing
  • Health care

• Effect of biointerfacing linker chemistries on the sensitivity of silicon nanowires for protein detection

  Dorvel, B., Reddy, B. & Bashir, R., Oct 15 2013, In: Analytical Chemistry. 85, 20, p. 9493-9500 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanowires
  • Silicon
  • Oxides
  • Proteins
  • Polyethylene glycols

• Dynamic mechanical measurement of the viscoelasticity of single adherent cells

  Corbin, E. A., Adeniba, O. O., Ewoldt, R. H. & Bashir, R., Feb 29 2016, In: Applied Physics Letters. 108, 9, 093701.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • mechanical measurement
  • viscoelasticity
  • cells
  • sensors
  • microelectromechanical systems

• Droplet-based biosensing for lab-on-a-chip, open microfluidics platforms

  Dak, P., Ebrahimi, A., Swaminathan, V., Duarte-Guevara, C., Bashir, R. & Alam, M. A., 2016, In: Biosensors. 6, 2, 14.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Lab-on-a-chip
  • Microfluidics
  • Biosensing Techniques
  • Biosensors
  • Costs and Cost Analysis

• Direct DNA sequencing using nanopore sensors

  Bashir, R., Apr 1 2013, In: Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. 33, 7, p. 34-35+45

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review