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• 2013

  Classification and adaptive novel class detection of feature-evolving data streams

  Masud, M. M., Chen, Q., Khan, L., Aggarwal, C. C., Gao, J., Han, J., Srivastava, A. & Oza, N. C., Jun 3 2013, In: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. 25, 7, p. 1484-1497 14 p., 6205751.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Data mining
  • Detectors
  • Classifiers

• Clustered support vector machines

  Gu, Q. & Han, J., Jan 1 2013, In: Journal of Machine Learning Research. 31, p. 307-315 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Conference article › peer-review

  • Support Vector Machine
  • Support vector machines
  • kernel
  • Classifier
  • Regularization

• Community distribution outlier detection in heterogeneous information networks

  Gupta, M., Gao, J. & Han, J., Oct 31 2013, Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases - European Conference, ECML PKDD 2013, Proceedings. PART 1 ed. p. 557-573 17 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); vol. 8188 LNAI, no. PART 1).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Outlier Detection
  • Anomaly detection
  • Heterogeneous networks
  • Community
  • Outlier

• Constructing topical hierarchies in heterogeneous information networks

  Wang, C., Danilevsky, M., Liu, J., Desai, N., Ji, H. & Han, J., 2013, In: Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, ICDM. p. 767-776 10 p., 6729561.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Conference article › peer-review

  • Heterogeneous networks
  • Clustering algorithms
  • Industry
  • Experiments

• Content coverage maximization on word networks for hierarchical topic summarization

  Wang, C., Yu, X., Li, Y., Zhai, C. & Han, J., Dec 11 2013, CIKM 2013 - Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. p. 249-258 10 p. (International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Proceedings).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Summarization
  • Text Summarization
  • Modeling
  • Network Analysis
  • Random Walk

• EventCube: Multi-dimensional search and mining of structured and text data

  Tao, F., Lei, K. H., Han, J., Zhai, C. X., Cheng, X., Danilevsky, M., Desai, N., Ding, B., Ge, J., Ji, H., Kanade, R., Kao, A., Li, Q., Li, Y., Lin, C. X., Liu, J., Oza, N., Srivastava, A., Tjoelker, R., Wang, C. & 2 others, Zhang, D. & Zhao, B., Aug 11 2013, KDD 2013 - 19th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Parekh, R., He, J., Inderjit, D. S., Bradley, P., Koren, Y., Ghani, R., Senator, T. E., Grossman, R. L. & Uthurusamy, R. (eds.). Association for Computing Machinery, p. 1494-1497 4 p. 2487718. (Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining; vol. Part F128815).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Aviation
  • Data mining
  • Specifications

• Exploring and inferring user-user pseudo-friendship for sentiment analysis with heterogeneous networks

  Deng, H., Han, J., Li, H., Ji, H., Wang, H. & Lu, Y., Jan 1 2013, Proceedings of the 2013 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, SDM 2013. Parthasarathy, S., Ghosh, J., Zhou, Z-H., Dy, J., Obradovic, Z. & Kamath, C. (eds.). Siam Society, p. 378-386 9 p. (Proceedings of the 2013 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, SDM 2013).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Sentiment Analysis
  • Heterogeneous Networks
  • Sentiment analysis
  • Heterogeneous networks
  • Dissimilarity

• Exploring structure and content on the web: Extraction and integration of the semi-structured web

  Weninger, T. & Han, J., 2013, WSDM 2013 - Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining. p. 779-780 2 p.

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • World Wide Web
  • Websites
  • Fruits
  • Search engines

• gIceberg: Towards iceberg analysis in large graphs

  Li, N., Guan, Z., Ren, L., Wu, J., Han, J. & Yan, X., Aug 15 2013, ICDE 2013 - 29th International Conference on Data Engineering. p. 1021-1032 12 p. 6544894. (Proceedings - International Conference on Data Engineering).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Agglomeration
  • Scalability
  • Experiments

• Inferring human mobility patterns from taxicab location traces

  Ganti, R., Srivatsa, M., Ranganathan, A. & Han, J., 2013, UbiComp 2013 - Proceedings of the 2013 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. p. 459-468 10 p. (UbiComp 2013 - Proceedings of the 2013 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Taxicabs
  • Pickups
  • Urban planning
  • Graph theory
  • Hidden Markov models

• Large-scale spectral clustering on graphs

  Liu, J., Wang, C., Danilevsky, M. & Han, J., Dec 1 2013, IJCAI 2013 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. p. 1486-1492 7 p. (IJCAI International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Clustering algorithms
  • Experiments

• MedRank: Discovering influential medical treatments from literature by information network analysis

  Chen, L., Li, X. & Han, J., Jan 1 2013, Proceedings of the 24th Australasian Database Conference, ADC 2013. Wang, H. & Zhang, R. (eds.). Australian Computer Society, p. 3-12 10 p. (Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series; vol. 137).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Electric network analysis

• Meta-path-based search and mining in heterogeneous information networks

  Sun, Y. & Han, J., Aug 2013, In: Tsinghua Science and Technology. 18, 4, p. 329-338 10 p., 06574671.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Semantics
  • Feedback

• Mining collective intelligence in diverse groups

  Qi, G. J., Aggarwal, C. C., Han, J. & Huang, T., 2013, WWW 2013 - Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web. Association for Computing Machinery, p. 1041-1051 11 p. (WWW 2013 - Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • World Wide Web
  • Statistical Models

• Mining evidences for named entity disambiguation

  Li, Y., Wang, C., Han, F., Han, J., Roth, D. & Yan, X., Aug 11 2013, KDD 2013 - 19th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Parekh, R., He, J., Inderjit, D. S., Bradley, P., Koren, Y., Ghani, R., Senator, T. E., Grossman, R. L. & Uthurusamy, R. (eds.). Association for Computing Machinery, p. 1070-1078 9 p. 2487681. (Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining; vol. Part F128815).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Semantics

• Mining lines in the sand: On trajectory discovery from untrustworthy data in cyber-physical system

  Tang, L. A., Yu, X., Gu, Q., Han, J., Leung, A. & La Porta, T., Aug 11 2013, KDD 2013 - 19th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Parekh, R., He, J., Inderjit, D. S., Bradley, P., Koren, Y., Ghani, R., Senator, T. E., Grossman, R. L. & Uthurusamy, R. (eds.). Association for Computing Machinery, p. 410-418 9 p. 2487585. (Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining; vol. Part F128815).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Cyber Physical System
  • Sand
  • Trajectories
  • Sensors
  • Miners

• MiTexCube: MicroTextCluster Cube for online analysis of text cells and its applications

  Zhang, D., Zhai, C. & Han, J., Jun 1 2013, In: Statistical Analysis and Data Mining. 6, 3, p. 243-259 17 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Regular hexahedron
  • Text
  • Cell
  • Text processing
  • Text Analysis

• Multi-view clustering via joint nonnegative matrix factorization

  Liu, J., Wang, C., Gao, J. & Han, J., 2013, Proceedings of the 2013 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, SDM 2013. Ghosh, J., Obradovic, Z., Dy, J., Zhou, Z-H., Kamath, C. & Parthasarathy, S. (eds.). Siam Society, p. 252-260 9 p. (Proceedings of the 2013 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, SDM 2013).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Factorization
  • Clustering
  • Clustering algorithms
  • Clustering Algorithm
  • Matrix Factorization

• On detecting Association-Based Clique Outliers in heterogeneous information networks

  Gupta, M., Gao, J., Yan, X., Cam, H. & Han, J., 2013, Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, ASONAM 2013. Association for Computing Machinery, p. 108-115 8 p. (Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, ASONAM 2013).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Heterogeneous networks
  • Costs

• On exploiting transient social contact patterns for data forwarding in delay-tolerant networks

  Gao, W., Cao, G., La Porta, T. & Han, J., Jan 1 2013, In: IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing. 12, 1, p. 151-165 15 p., 6086545.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Delay tolerant networks
  • Electric power distribution
  • Costs

• On the detectability of node grouping in networks

  Wang, C., Wang, H., Liu, J., Ji, M., Su, L., Chen, Y. & Han, J., 2013, Proceedings of the 2013 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, SDM 2013. Ghosh, J., Obradovic, Z., Dy, J., Zhou, Z-H., Kamath, C. & Parthasarathy, S. (eds.). Siam Society, p. 713-721 9 p. (Proceedings of the 2013 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, SDM 2013).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  Open Access

  • Detectability
  • Grouping
  • Semantics
  • Vertex of a graph
  • Testing

• Parallel field ranking

  Ji, M., Lin, B., He, X., Cai, D. & Han, J., Sep 1 2013, In: ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data. 7, 3, 15.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Information retrieval systems
  • Recommender systems
  • Pattern recognition

• PathSelClus: Integrating meta-path selection with user-guided Object clustering in heterogeneous information networks

  Sun, Y., Norick, B., Han, J., Yan, X., Yu, P. S. & Yu, X., Sep 1 2013, In: ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data. 7, 3, 11.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Seed
  • Semantics
  • Experiments

• Ranking-based name matching for author disambiguation in bibliographic data

  Liu, J., Lei, K. H., Liu, J. Y., Wang, C. & Han, J., Jan 1 2013, Proceedings of the 2013 KDD Cup 2013 Workshop. Association for Computing Machinery, (Proceedings of the 2013 KDD Cup 2013 Workshop).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Digital libraries
  • Data mining

• Recommendation in heterogeneous information networks with implicit user feedback

  Yu, X., Ren, X., Sun, Y., Sturt, B., Khandelwal, U., Gu, Q., Norick, B. & Han, J., 2013, RecSys 2013 - Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems. p. 347-350 4 p. (RecSys 2013 - Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Recommender systems
  • Feedback

• Reinforced similarity integration in image-rich information networks

  Jin, X., Luo, J., Yu, J., Wang, G., Joshi, D. & Han, J., 2013, In: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. 25, 2, p. 448-460 13 p., 6081863.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Websites
  • Recommender systems
  • Information retrieval
  • Internet

• Research-insight: Providing insight on research by publication network analysis

  Tao, F., Yu, X., Lei, K. H., Brova, G., Cheng, X., Han, J., Kanade, R., Sun, Y., Wang, C., Wang, L. & Weninger, T., Jul 29 2013, SIGMOD 2013 - International Conference on Management of Data. p. 1093-1096 4 p. (Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Electric network analysis
  • Computer science
  • Data mining

• Resolving entity morphs in censored data

  Huang, H., Wen, Z., Yu, D., Ji, H., Sun, Y., Han, J. & Li, H., Jan 1 2013, Long Papers. Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), p. 1083-1093 11 p. (ACL 2013 - 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference; vol. 1).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Morph
  • censorship
  • peace
  • semantics
  • candidacy

• Revealing density-based clustering structure from the core-connected tree of a network

  Huang, J., Sun, H., Song, Q., Deng, H. & Han, J., Aug 1 2013, In: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. 25, 8, p. 1876-1889 14 p., 6200274.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Specifications
  • Experiments

• Selective sampling on graphs for classification

  Gu, Q., Aggarwal, C., Liu, J. & Han, J., Aug 11 2013, KDD 2013 - 19th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Parekh, R., He, J., Inderjit, D. S., Bradley, P., Koren, Y., Ghani, R., Senator, T. E., Grossman, R. L. & Uthurusamy, R. (eds.). Association for Computing Machinery, p. 131-139 9 p. 2487641. (Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining; vol. Part F128815).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Sampling
  • Labels
  • Hilbert spaces
  • Structural properties
  • Learning algorithms

• Semantic frame-based document representation for comparable corpora

  Kim, H., Ren, X., Sun, Y., Wang, C. & Han, J., Dec 1 2013, In: Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, ICDM. p. 350-359 10 p., 6729519.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Conference article › peer-review

  • Radiation
  • Semantics
  • Text processing
  • Conveying
  • Experiments

• Social patterns: Community detection using behavior-generated network datasets

  Leung, A., Dron, W., Hancock, J. P., Aguirre, M., Purnell, J., Han, J., Wang, C., Srivastava, J., Mahapatra, A., Roy, A. & Scott, L., 2013, Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 2nd International Network Science Workshop, NSW 2013. p. 82-89 8 p. 6609198. (Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 2nd International Network Science Workshop, NSW 2013).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Weighing
  • Communication

• Spatiotemporal periodical pattern mining in traffic data

  Jindal, T., Giridhar, P., Tang, L. A., Li, J. & Han, J., Sep 19 2013, 2nd International Workshop on Urban Computing, UrbComp 2013 - Held in Conjunction with KDD 2013. (Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Sensors
  • Urban planning
  • Snow
  • Highway accidents
  • Probability distributions

• The environmental-data automated track annotation (Env-DATA) system: Linking animal tracks with environmental data

  Dodge, S., Bohrer, G., Weinzierl, R., Davidson, S. C., Kays, R., Douglas, D., Cruz, S., Han, J., Brandes, D. & Wikelski, M., Jul 3 2013, In: Movement Ecology. 1, 1, 3.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • environmental data
  • remote sensing
  • animal
  • Phoebastria
  • weather

• The parallel path framework for entity discovery on the Web

  Weninger, T., Johnston, T. J. & Han, J., Oct 21 2013, In: ACM Transactions on the Web. 7, 3, 16.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Websites
  • Electronic mail
  • World Wide Web
  • Agglomeration

• Trustworthiness analysis of sensor data in cyber-physical systems

  Tang, L. A., Yu, X., Kim, S., Gu, Q., Han, J., Leung, A. & La Porta, T., May 2013, In: Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 79, 3, p. 383-401 19 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Trustworthiness
  • Sensor
  • Cyber Physical System
  • Sensor Networks
  • Sensors

• Unsupervised link selection in networks

  Gu, Q., Aggarwal, C. & Han, J., 2013, In: Journal of Machine Learning Research. 31, p. 298-306 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Conference article › peer-review

  • Feature extraction
  • Machine learning
  • Experiments
  • Community Structure
  • Quality Measures
• 2012

  A bayesian approach to discovering truth from conflicting sources for data integration

  Zhao, B., Rubinstein, B. I. P., Gemmell, J. & Han, J., Feb 2012, In: Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment. 5, 6, p. 550-561 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Data integration
  • Sampling
  • Experiments

• Analysis and refinement of cross-lingual entity linking

  Cassidy, T., Ji, H., Deng, H., Zheng, J. & Han, J., 2012, Information Access Evaluation: Multilinguality, Multimodality, and Visual Analytics - Third International Conference of the CLEF Initiative, CLEF 2012, Proceedings. p. 1-12 12 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); vol. 7488 LNCS).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Text processing
  • Linking
  • Machine Translation
  • Refinement
  • Information Extraction

• A simple algorithm for semi-supervised learning with improved generalization error bound

  Ji, M., Yang, T., Lin, B., Jin, R. & Han, J., Oct 10 2012, Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2012. p. 1223-1230 8 p. (Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2012; vol. 2).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Supervised learning
  • regression
  • Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions
  • Linear regression
  • learning

• A variance minimization criterion to active learning on graphs

  Ji, M. & Han, J., 2012, In: Journal of Machine Learning Research. 22, p. 556-564 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Active Learning
  • Problem-Based Learning
  • Labels
  • Graph in graph theory
  • Gaussian Random Field

• BlueFinder: Estimate where a beach photo was taken

  Cao, L., Smith, J., Wen, Z., Yin, Z., Jin, X. & Han, J., May 21 2012, WWW'12 - Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on World Wide Web Companion. p. 469-470 2 p. (WWW'12 - Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on World Wide Web Companion).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Beaches
  • Iterative methods
  • Classifiers

• Building enriched web page representations using link paths

  Weninger, T., Zhai, C. & Han, J., Jul 25 2012, HT'12 - Proceedings of 23rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. p. 53-62 10 p. (HT'12 - Proceedings of 23rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Anchors
  • Websites
  • Search engines
  • World Wide Web

• Citation prediction in heterogeneous bibliographic networks

  Yu, X., Gu, Q., Zhou, M. & Han, J., 2012, Proceedings of the 12th SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, SDM 2012. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Publications, p. 1119-1130 12 p. (Proceedings of the 12th SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, SDM 2012).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Experiments

• Community trend outlier detection using soft temporal pattern mining

  Gupta, M., Gao, J., Sun, Y. & Han, J., 2012, Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases - European Conference, ECML PKDD 2012, Proceedings. PART 2 ed. p. 692-708 17 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); vol. 7524 LNAI, no. PART 2).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Outlier Detection
  • Mining
  • Anomaly detection
  • Community
  • Trends

• Construction of web-based, service-oriented information networks: A data mining perspective (abstract)

  Han, J., Sep 6 2012, Web-Age Information Management - 13th International Conference, WAIM 2012, Proceedings. p. 17-19 3 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); vol. 7418 LNCS).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Service-oriented
  • Web-based
  • Data Mining
  • World Wide Web
  • Data mining

• Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

  Han, J., Kamber, M. & Pei, J., Jan 1 2012, Elsevier Inc.

  Research output: Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Book

  • Data mining
  • Acoustic waves
  • Data warehouses
  • Data Analytics
  • Websites

• Document-topic hierarchies from document graphs

  Weninger, T., Bisk, Y. & Han, J., Jan 1 2012, CIKM 2012 - Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Association for Computing Machinery, p. 635-644 10 p. (ACM International Conference Proceeding Series).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Taxonomies
  • Experiments

• Efficient mining of correlated sequential patterns based on null hypothesis

  Lin, C. X., Ji, M., Danilevsky, M. & Han, J., Dec 7 2012, Web-KR'12 - Proceedings of the 2012 ACM International Workshop on Web-Scale Knowledge Representation, Retrieval and Reasoning, Co-located with CIKM 2012. p. 17-24 8 p. (International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Proceedings).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Sequential Patterns
  • Pattern Mining
  • Data Mining
  • Piles
  • Experimental Study

• Estimating OLAP queries over uncertain and imprecise multidimensional data streams

  Cuzzocrea, A. & Han, J., Sep 1 2012, In: Engineering Intelligent Systems. 20, 3, p. 171-181 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Distribution functions
  • Probability distributions
  • Semantics
  • Uncertainty