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• High-k dielectric Al₂O₃ nanowire and nanoplate field effect sensors for improved pH sensing

  Reddy, B., Dorvel, B. R., Go, J., Nair, P. R., Elibol, O. H., Credo, G. M., Daniels, J. S., Chow, E. K. C., Su, X., Varma, M., Alam, M. A. & Bashir, R., Apr 2011, In: Biomedical microdevices. 13, 2, p. 335-344 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanowires
  • High-k dielectric
  • Aluminum oxide
  • Gate dielectrics
  • Equipment and Supplies

• How far cardiac cells can see each other mechanically

  Tang, X., Bajaj, P., Bashir, R. & Saif, T. A., Jul 7 2011, In: Soft Matter. 7, 13, p. 6151-6158 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Substrates
  • cells
  • Stiffness
  • Continuum mechanics
  • Tissue

• Impedance microbiology and microbial screening strategy for detecting pathogens in food

  Flint, S., Naila, A. & Bashir, R., Jan 1 2015, High Throughput Screening for Food Safety Assessment: Biosensor Technologies, Hyperspectral Imaging and Practical Applications. Elsevier Inc., p. 285-300 16 p.

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter

  • Microbiology
  • Pathogens
  • food pathogens
  • microbiology
  • Electric Impedance

• Independent control stiffness and permeability of a cell-encapsulating hydrogel; integration of bio-inspired material chemistry and microfabrication

  Jeong, J. H., Chan, V., Cha, C., Zorlutuna, P., Bashir, R. & Kong, H., Jan 1 2011, Materials Engineering and Sciences Division - Core Programming Topic at the 2011 AIChE Annual Meeting. AIChE, 1 p. (Materials Engineering and Sciences Division - Core Programming Topic at the 2011 AIChE Annual Meeting; vol. 2).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

• In situ self-folding assembly of a multi-walled hydrogel tube for uniaxial sustained molecular release

  Baek, K., Jeong, J. H., Shkumatov, A., Bashir, R. & Kong, H., Oct 18 2013, In: Advanced Materials. 25, 39, p. 5568-5573 6 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Hydrogels
  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel
  • Gels
  • poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate
  • Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

• Integrated cantilever-based biosensors for the detection of chemical and biological entities

  Corbin, E. A., YekrangSafakar, A., Adeniba, O., Gupta, A., Park, K. & Bashir, R., Jan 1 2017, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine: Methods, Devices, and Applications, Second Edition. CRC Press, p. 469-529 61 p.

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter

  • Biosensing Techniques
  • Biosensors
  • Sensors
  • Vacuum
  • Air

• Inverse-extraordianry optoconductance in Ti/Au/GaAs hybrid structures

  Newaz, A. K. M., Chang, W. J., Wallace, K. D., Wickline, S. A., Bashir, R., Gilbertson, A. M., Cohen, L. F., Edge, L. C. & Solin, S. A., Dec 1 2011, Physics of Semiconductors - 30th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, ICPS-30. p. 973-974 2 p. (AIP Conference Proceedings; vol. 1399).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • hybrid structures
  • metals
  • luminous intensity
  • photons

• Investigating the Life Expectancy and Proteolytic Degradation of Engineered Skeletal Muscle Biological Machines

  Cvetkovic, C., Ferrall-Fairbanks, M. C., Ko, E., Grant, L., Kong, H., Platt, M. O. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2017, In: Scientific reports. 7, 1, 3775.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Life Expectancy
  • Peptide Hydrolases
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Matrix Metalloproteinases

• Label-free imaging of cell attachment with photonic crystal enhanced microscopy

  Lidstone, E. A., Chaudhery, V., Kohl, A., Chan, V., Wolf-Jensen, T., Schook, L. B., Bashir, R. & Cunningham, B. T., Sep 21 2011, In: Analyst. 136, 18, p. 3608-3615 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Photonic crystals
  • Microscopic examination
  • Labels
  • microscopy

• Label-free intracellular transport measured by spatial light interference microscopy

  Wang, Z., Millet, L., Chan, V., Ding, H., Gillette, M. U., Bashir, R. & Popescu, G., Feb 2011, In: Journal of biomedical optics. 16, 2, 026019.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Light interference
  • organelles
  • Microscopic examination
  • Photobleaching
  • Labels

• Lipid bilayer coated Al₂O₃ nanopore sensors: Towards a hybrid biological solid-state nanopore

  Venkatesan, B. M., Polans, J., Comer, J., Sridhar, S., Wendell, D., Aksimentiev, A. & Bashir, R., Aug 2011, In: Biomedical microdevices. 13, 4, p. 671-682 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Lipid bilayers
  • Nanopores
  • Lipid Bilayers
  • Aluminum oxide
  • Sensors

• Localized Dielectric Loss Heating in Dielectrophoresis Devices

  Kwak, T. J., Hossen, I., Bashir, R., Chang, W. J. & Lee, C. H., Dec 1 2019, In: Scientific reports. 9, 1, 18977.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Heating
  • Temperature
  • Equipment and Supplies
  • Electrodes
  • Hot Temperature

• Long-Term Cryopreservation and Revival of Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle

  Grant, L., Raman, R., Cvetkovic, C., Ferrall-Fairbanks, M. C., Pagan-Diaz, G. J., Hadley, P., Ko, E., Platt, M. O. & Bashir, R., Jul 1 2019, In: Tissue Engineering - Part A. 25, 13-14, p. 1023-1036 14 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Cryopreservation
  • Muscle
  • Tissue
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Freezing

• Material-mediated proangiogenic factor release pattern modulates quality of regenerated blood vessels

  Rich, M. H., Lee, M. K., Baek, K., Jeong, J. H., Kim, D. H., Millet, L. J., Bashir, R. & Kong, H., Dec 28 2014, In: Journal of Controlled Release. 196, p. 363-369 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
  • Blood Vessels
  • poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate
  • Gels

• Matrix Topography Regulates Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction

  Ko, E., Yu, S. J., Pagan-Diaz, G. J., Mahmassani, Z., Boppart, M. D., Im, S. G., Bashir, R. & Kong, H., Mar 20 2019, In: Advanced Science. 6, 6, 1801521.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Neuromuscular Junction
  • Topography
  • Skeletal Muscle Fibers
  • Synaptic Transmission
  • topography

• Measuring physical properties of neuronal and glial cells with resonant microsensors

  Corbin, E. A., Millet, L. J., Keller, K. R., King, W. P. & Bashir, R., May 20 2014, In: Analytical Chemistry. 86, 10, p. 4864-4872 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Neuroglia
  • Microsensors
  • Physical properties
  • Sensors
  • Cells

• Mechanical Characterization and Shape Optimization of Fascicle-Like 3D Skeletal Muscle Tissues Contracted with Electrical and Optical Stimuli

  Neal, D., Sakar, M. S., Bashir, R., Chan, V. & Asada, H. H., Jun 1 2015, In: Tissue Engineering - Part A. 21, 11-12, p. 1848-1858 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Shape optimization
  • Muscle
  • Tissue
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Muscles

• MEMS mass sensors with uniform sensitivity for monitoring cellular apoptosis

  Park, K., Millet, L., Kim, N., Li, H., Hsia, K. J., Aluru, N. R. & Bashir, R., Sep 1 2011, 2011 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, TRANSDUCERS'11. p. 759-762 4 p. 5969307. (2011 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, TRANSDUCERS'11).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Cell death
  • MEMS
  • Cell growth
  • Monitoring
  • Sensors

• Micro- and nanotechnology for HIV/AIDS diagnostics in resource-limited settings

  Damhorst, G. L., Watkins, N. N. & Bashir, R., 2013, In: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 60, 3, p. 715-726 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Viruses
  • Nanotechnology
  • T-cells
  • Immune system
  • Blood

• Microfluidic CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocyte counters for point-of-care HIV diagnostics using whole blood

  Watkins, N. N., Hassan, U., Damhorst, G., Ni, H., Vaid, A., Rodriguez, W. & Bashir, R., Dec 4 2013, In: Science Translational Medicine. 5, 214, 214ra170.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Microfluidics
  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • HIV
  • T-Lymphocytes
  • Equipment and Supplies

• Microfluidics and Nanotechnology for Detection of Global Infectious Diseases

  Damhorst, G. L., Murtagh, M., Rodriguez, W. R. & Bashir, R., Feb 1 2015, In: Proceedings of the IEEE. 103, 2, p. 150-160 11 p., 7067024.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Nanotechnology
  • Microfluidics
  • Viruses
  • Pathogens
  • Industry

• Micro-masonry of MEMS sensors and actuators

  Zhang, Y., Keum, H., Park, K., Bashir, R. & Kim, S., Apr 2014, In: Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 23, 2, p. 308-314 7 p., 6570758.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • MEMS
  • Actuators
  • Microfabrication
  • Sensors
  • Rapid thermal annealing

• Micromechanical properties of hydrogels measured with MEMS resonant sensors

  Corbin, E. A., Millet, L. J., Pikul, J. H., Johnson, C. L., Georgiadis, J. G., King, W. P. & Bashir, R., Apr 1 2013, In: Biomedical microdevices. 15, 2, p. 311-319 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Hydrogels
  • MEMS
  • poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate
  • Electrohydrodynamics
  • Drug delivery

• Micro-patterning of mammalian cells on suspended MEMS resonant sensors for long-term growth measurements

  Corbin, E. A., Dorvel, B. R., Millet, L. J., King, W. P. & Bashir, R., Apr 21 2014, In: Lab on a chip. 14, 8, p. 1401-1404 4 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems
  • Cells
  • MEMS
  • Sensors
  • Growth

• Mobile Platform for Multiplexed Detection and Differentiation of Disease-Specific Nucleic Acid Sequences, Using Microfluidic Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and Smartphone Detection

  Chen, W., Yu, H., Sun, F., Ornob, A., Brisbin, R., Ganguli, A., Vemuri, V., Strzebonski, P., Cui, G., Allen, K. J., Desai, S. A., Lin, W., Nash, D. M., Hirschberg, D. L., Brooks, I., Bashir, R. & Cunningham, B. T., Nov 7 2017, In: Analytical chemistry. 89, 21, p. 11219-11226 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nucleic acid sequences
  • Pathogens
  • Microfluidics
  • Amplification
  • Smartphones

• Monolayer MoS ₂ Nanoribbon Transistors Fabricated by Scanning Probe Lithography

  Chen, S., Kim, S., Chen, W., Yuan, J., Bashir, R., Lou, J., Van Der Zande, A. M. & King, W. P., Mar 13 2019, In: Nano letters. 19, 3, p. 2092-2098 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanoribbons
  • Carbon Nanotubes
  • Monolayers
  • Lithography
  • Transistors

• Multi-cellular engineered living systems: Building a community around responsible research on emergence

  Sample, M., Boulicault, M., Allen, C., Bashir, R., Hyun, I., Levis, M., Lowenthal, C., Mertz, D., Montserrat, N., Palmer, M. J., Saha, K. & Zartman, J., Jul 10 2019, In: Biofabrication. 11, 4, 043001.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Seizing
  • Civil Rights
  • Organoids
  • Technology
  • Social Responsibility

• Multiplexed detection of infectious diseases with microfluidic loop-mediated isothermal amplification and a smartphone

  Sun, F., Chen, W., Yu, H., Omob, A., Brisbin, R., Ganguli, A., Vemuri, V., Strzebonski, P., Cui, G., Allen, K. J., Desai, S. A., Lin, W., Nash, D. M., Hirschberg, D. L., Brooks, I., Bashir, R. & Cunningham, B. T., Dec 19 2017, 2017 IEEE Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies, HI-POCT 2017. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., p. 241-244 4 p. (2017 IEEE Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies, HI-POCT 2017; vol. 2017-December).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • pathogens
  • Pathogens
  • infectious diseases
  • Smartphone
  • Microfluidics

• Nano/micro and spectroscopic approaches to food pathogen detection

  Cho, I. H., Radadia, A. D., Farrokhzad, K., Ximenes, E., Bae, E., Singh, A. K., Oliver, H., Ladisch, M., Bhunia, A., Applegate, B., Mauer, L., Bashir, R. & Irudayaraj, J., Jun 2014, In: Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 7, p. 65-88 24 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Pathogens
  • Phage display
  • Light scattering
  • Raman spectroscopy
  • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

• Nanopore-based assay for detection of methylation in double-stranded DNA fragments

  Shim, J., Kim, Y., Humphreys, G. I., Nardulli, A. M., Kosari, F., Vasmatzis, G., Taylor, W. R., Ahlquist, D. A., Myong, S. & Bashir, R., Jan 27 2015, In: ACS Nano. 9, 1, p. 290-300 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Methylation
  • methylation
  • Nanopores
  • Assays
  • DNA

• Nanotextured superhydrophobic electrodes enable detection of attomolar-scale DNA concentration within a droplet by non-faradaic impedance spectroscopy

  Ebrahimi, A., Dak, P., Salm, E., Dash, S., Garimella, S. V., Bashir, R. & Alam, M. A., Nov 7 2013, In: Lab on a chip. 13, 21, p. 4248-4256 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Dielectric Spectroscopy
  • Spectroscopy
  • DNA
  • Electric Impedance
  • Electrodes

• Neuromuscular actuation of biohybrid motile bots

  Aydin, O., Zhang, X., Nuethong, S., Pagan-Diaz, G. J., Bashir, R., Gazzola, M. & Saif, M. T. A., Oct 1 2019, In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116, 40, p. 19841-19847 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Muscles
  • Locomotion
  • Motor Neurons
  • Optogenetics
  • Myoblasts

• New technologies for measuring single cell mass

  Popescu, G., Park, K., Mir, M. & Bashir, R., Feb 21 2014, In: Lab on a chip. 14, 4, p. 646-652 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Cells
  • Imaging techniques
  • Technology
  • Sensors
  • Medicine

• On a chip

  Watkins, N., Irimia, D., Toner, M. & Bashir, R., Nov 2011, In: IEEE Pulse. 2, 6, p. 19-27 9 p., 6088930.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Emergency rooms
  • Ambulances
  • MEMS
  • Health

• On-chip magnetic separation and encapsulation of cells in droplets

  Chen, A., Byvank, T., Chang, W. J., Bharde, A., Vieira, G., Miller, B. L., Chalmers, J. J., Bashir, R. & Sooryakumar, R., Mar 21 2013, In: Lab on a chip. 13, 6, p. 1172-1181 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Magnetic separation
  • Cell Separation
  • Encapsulation
  • Sorting
  • Cells

• On-chip metal/polypyrrole quasi-reference electrodes for robust ISFET operation

  Duarte-Guevara, C., Swaminathan, V. V., Burgess, M., Reddy, B., Salm, E., Liu, Y. S., Rodriguez-Lopez, J. & Bashir, R., May 21 2015, In: Analyst. 140, 10, p. 3630-3641 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • polypyrrole
  • Ion sensitive field effect transistors
  • Polypyrroles
  • Ion-Selective Electrodes
  • Metals

• On-chip parallel detection of foodborne pathogens using loop-mediated isothermal amplification

  Duarte, C., Salm, E., Dorvel, B., Reddy, B. & Bashir, R., Oct 1 2013, In: Biomedical microdevices. 15, 5, p. 821-830 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Pathogens
  • Silicon
  • Amplification
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Nucleic acids

• Optical measurement of cycle-dependent cell growth

  Mir, M., Wang, Z., Shen, Z., Bednarz, M., Bashir, R., Golding, I., Prasanth, S. G. & Popescu, G., Aug 9 2011, In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108, 32, p. 13124-13129 6 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Cell Cycle
  • Growth
  • Interference Microscopy
  • Cell Size
  • Microscopy

• Optomechanical measurement of the stiffness of single adherent cells

  Park, K., Mehrnezhad, A., Corbin, E. A. & Bashir, R., Jul 14 2015, In: Lab on a chip. 15, 17, p. 3460-3464 5 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Substrates
  • Stiffness
  • Mechanical properties
  • Phase shift
  • Lasers

• Pattern analysis and spatial distribution of neurons in culture

  Millet, L. J., Collens, M. B., Perry, G. L. W. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2011, In: Integrative Biology. 3, 12, p. 1167-1178 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Spatial Analysis
  • Spatial distribution
  • Neurons
  • Neurology
  • Dendrites (metallography)

• Patterned Three-Dimensional Encapsulation of Embryonic Stem Cells using Dielectrophoresis and Stereolithography

  Bajaj, P., Marchwiany, D., Duarte, C. & Bashir, R., Mar 2013, In: Advanced Healthcare Materials. 2, 3, p. 450-458 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Stereolithography
  • Stem cells
  • Hydrogels
  • Electrophoresis
  • Encapsulation

• Patterning the differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts

  Bajaj, P., Reddy, B., Millet, L., Wei, C., Zorlutuna, P., Bao, G. & Bashir, R., Sep 1 2011, In: Integrative Biology. 3, 9, p. 897-909 13 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Skeletal Myoblasts
  • Fusion reactions
  • Substrates
  • Cells
  • Muscle

• Photopatterning of hydrogel scaffolds coupled to filter materials using stereolithography for perfused 3D culture of hepatocytes

  Neiman, J. A. S., Raman, R., Chan, V., Rhoads, M. G., Raredon, M. S. B., Velazquez, J. J., Dyer, R. L., Bashir, R., Hammond, P. T. & Griffith, L. G., Apr 1 2015, In: Biotechnology and bioengineering. 112, 4, p. 777-787 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Hepatocytes
  • Stereolithography
  • Hydrogels
  • Scaffolds
  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel

• Separating beads and cells in multi-channel microfluidic devices using dielectrophoresis and laminar flow

  Millet, L. J., Park, K., Watkins, N. N., Jimmy Hsia, K. & Bashir, R., Feb 2011, In: Journal of Visualized Experiments. 48, e2545.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Lab-On-A-Chip Devices
  • Electrophoresis
  • Microfluidics
  • Laminar flow
  • Fluidics

• Silicon field effect transistors as dual-use sensor-heater hybrids

  Reddy, B., Elibol, O. H., Nair, P. R., Dorvel, B. R., Butler, F., Ahsan, Z., Bergstrom, D. E., Alam, M. A. & Bashir, R., Feb 1 2011, In: Analytical Chemistry. 83, 3, p. 888-895 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Silicon
  • Field effect transistors
  • Transistors
  • Dielectric heating
  • Sensors

• Slowing DNA transport using graphene-DNA interactions

  Banerjee, S., Wilson, J., Shim, J., Shankla, M., Corbin, E. A., Aksimentiev, A. & Bashir, R., Feb 11 2015, In: Advanced Functional Materials. 25, 6, p. 936-946 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Graphite
  • Graphene
  • Nanopores
  • graphene
  • interactions

• Smartphone-Imaged HIV-1 Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) on a Chip from Whole Blood

  Damhorst, G. L., Duarte-Guevara, C., Chen, W., Ghonge, T., Cunningham, B. T. & Bashir, R., Sep 1 2015, In: Engineering. 1, 3, p. 324-335 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Viruses
  • Transcription
  • Amplification
  • Smartphones
  • Blood

• Smartphone-imaged microfluidic biochip for measuring CD64 expression from whole blood

  Ghonge, T., Ceylan Koydemir, H., Valera, E., Berger, J., Garcia, C., Nawar, N., Tiao, J., Damhorst, G. L., Ganguli, A., Hassan, U., Ozcan, A. & Bashir, R., Jul 7 2019, In: Analyst. 144, 13, p. 3925-3935 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Flow cytometry
  • Biochips
  • Smartphone
  • Microfluidics
  • flow cytometry

• Stereolithographic 3D bioprinting for biomedical applications

  Raman, R. & Bashir, R., Aug 7 2015, Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation. Elsevier Inc., p. 89-121 33 p.

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter

  • Bioprinting
  • Stereolithography
  • Medical applications
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Fabrication

• Stereolithography-based hydrogel microenvironments to examine cellular interactions

  Zorlutuna, P., Jeong, J. H., Kong, H. & Bashir, R., Oct 7 2011, In: Advanced Functional Materials. 21, 19, p. 3642-3651 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Stereolithography
  • Hydrogels
  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel
  • Neurons
  • Choline