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• 2010

  A nanoscale Ti/GaAs metal-semiconductor hybrid sensor for room temperature light detection

  Newaz, A. K. M., Chang, W. J., Wallace, K. D., Edge, L. C., Wickline, S. A., Bashir, R., Gilbertson, A. M., Cohen, L. F. & Solin, S. A., Aug 23 2010, In: Applied Physics Letters. 97, 8, 082105.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • sensors
  • shunts
  • room temperature
  • dynamic response
  • metals

• Beating the Nernst limit of 59mV/pH with double-gated nano-scale field-effect transistors and its applications to ultra-sensitive DNA biosensors

  Go, J., Nair, P. R., Reddy, B., Dorvel, B., Bashir, R. & Alam, M. A., Dec 1 2010, 2010 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM 2010. p. 8.7.1-8.7.4 5703325. (Technical Digest - International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Biomolecules
  • Biosensors
  • bioinstrumentation
  • Field effect transistors
  • DNA

• DNA sensing using nanocrystalline surface-enhanced Al₂O ₃ nanopore sensors

  Venkatesan, B. M., Shah, A. B., Zuo, J. M. & Bashir, R., Apr 23 2010, In: Advanced Functional Materials. 20, 8, p. 1266-1275 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanopores
  • DNA
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • sensors
  • Surface charge

• Fabrication of silicon nanoplate and nanowire biosensor arrays with high specificity and sub-picomolar limits of detection

  Dorvel, B., Reddy, B., Bergstrom, D., Alam, M. A., Clare, S. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2010, 14th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences 2010, MicroTAS 2010. p. 1871-1873 3 p. (14th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences 2010, MicroTAS 2010; vol. 3).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Nanowires
  • Biosensors
  • Field effect transistors
  • Ions
  • Silicon

• Fluidic measurement of electric field sensitivity of Ti-GaAs Schottky junction gated field effect biosensors

  Chang, W. J., Suk, H. J., Newaz, A. K. M., Wallace, K. D., Wickline, S. A., Solin, S. A. & Bashir, R., Oct 1 2010, In: Biomedical microdevices. 12, 5, p. 849-854 6 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • gallium arsenide
  • Biosensing Techniques
  • Biosensors
  • Fluidics
  • Semiconductors

• Localized heating on silicon field effect transistors for bio-chemical reactions

  Reddy, B., Elibol, O. H., Nair, P. R., Dorvel, B. R., Bergstrom, D., Alam, M. A. & Bashir, R., Dec 1 2010, 14th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences 2010, MicroTAS 2010. p. 1163-1165 3 p. (14th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences 2010, MicroTAS 2010; vol. 2).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Field effect transistors
  • Chemical reactions
  • Transistors
  • Silicon
  • Heating

• Measurement of adherent cell mass and growth

  Park, K., Millet, L. J., Kim, N., Li, H., Jin, X., Popescu, G., Aluru, N. R., Hsia, K. J. & Bashir, R., Nov 30 2010, In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107, 48, p. 20691-20696 6 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Growth
  • Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems
  • Cell Cycle
  • Elastic Modulus
  • Tissue Engineering

• Nanopore sensors for nucleic acid analysis

  Venkatesan, B. M. & Bashir, R., Oct 2010, In: Nature Nanotechnology. 6, 10, p. 615-624 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Nanopores
  • Nucleic acids
  • nucleic acids
  • DNA
  • Nucleic Acids

• Piezoresistive microcantilevers from ultrananocrystalline diamond

  Privorotskaya, N. L., Zeng, H., Carlisle, J. A., Bashir, R. & King, W. P., Jan 1 2010, 2010 Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop. Monk, D. J. & Turner, K. L. (eds.). Transducer Research Foundation, p. 250-253 4 p. (Technical Digest - Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Diamonds
  • Boron
  • Temperature
  • Microsystems
  • Electric properties

• Piezoresistive microcantilevers from ultrananocrystalline diamond

  Privorotskaya, N. L., Zeng, H., Carlisle, J. A., Bashir, R. & King, W. P., Oct 1 2010, In: Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 19, 5, p. 1234-1242 9 p., 5567124.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Diamonds
  • Temperature
  • Boron
  • Microsystems
  • Electric properties

• Rapid thermal lysis of cells using silicon-diamond microcantilever heaters

  Privorotskaya, N., Liu, Y. S., Lee, J., Zeng, H., Carlisle, J. A., Radadia, A., Millet, L., Bashir, R. & King, W. P., 2010, In: Lab on a chip. 10, 9, p. 1135-1141 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Diamond
  • Silicon
  • Diamonds
  • Fibroblasts
  • Hot Temperature

• Stiffness of the substrate influences the phenotype of embryonic chicken cardiac myocytes

  Bajaj, P., Tang, X., Saif, T. A. & Bashir, R., Dec 15 2010, In: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A. 95, 4, p. 1261-1269 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Tissue culture
  • Polyacrylates
  • Substrates
  • Stiffness
  • Adhesion

• Temperature measurement in fluid directly at the surface with high spatial resolution using a covalently attached fluorescent dye

  Reddy, B., Dorvel, B. R., Elibol, O. H., Nair, P. R., Alam, M. A., Bergstrom, D. E. & Bashir, R., 2010, 2010 18th Biennial University/Government/Industry Micro-Nano Symposium, UGIM 2010 - Proceedings. 5508917. (Biennial University/Government/Industry Microelectronics Symposium - Proceedings).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Dyes
  • Temperature measurement
  • Fluids
  • Fluorophores
  • Temperature

• Three-dimensional photopatterning of hydrogels using stereolithography for long-term cell encapsulation

  Chan, V., Zorlutuna, P., Jeong, J. H., Kong, H. & Bashir, R., Aug 21 2010, In: Lab on a chip. 10, 16, p. 2062-2070 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Stereolithography
  • Hydrogels
  • Encapsulation
  • Polyethylene glycols
  • poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate

• Vapor-phase deposition of monofunctional alkoxysilanes for sub-nanometer-level biointerfacing on silicon oxide surfaces

  Dorvel, B., Block, I., Reddy, B., Mathias, P., Clare, S. E., Cunningham, B., Bergstrom, D. E. & Bashir, R., Jan 8 2010, In: Advanced Functional Materials. 20, 1, p. 87-95 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Silanes
  • Silicon oxides
  • Monolayers
  • silanes
  • silicon oxides
• 2015

  A semiconductor bio-electrical platform with addressable thermal control circuits for accelerated bioassay development

  Chen, T. T., Wen, C. H., Huang, J. C., Peng, Y. C., Liu, S., Su, S. H., Cheng, L. H., Lai, H. C., Liao, T. C., Lai, F. L., Cheng, C. W., Yang, C. K., Yang, J. H., Hsieh, Y. J., Salm, E., Reddy, B., Tsui, F., Liu, Y. S., Bashir, R. & Chen, M., Feb 20 2015, In: Technical Digest - International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM. 2015-February, February, p. 15.4.1-15.4.4 7047058.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Conference article › peer-review

  • Bioassay
  • bioassay
  • Semiconductor materials
  • platforms
  • pixels

• Biodegradable thin metal foils and spin-on glass materials for transient electronics

  Kang, S. K., Hwang, S. W., Yu, S., Seo, J. H., Corbin, E. A., Shin, J., Wie, D. S., Bashir, R., Ma, Z. & Rogers, J. A., Mar 25 2015, In: Advanced Functional Materials. 25, 12, p. 1789-1797 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • metal foils
  • Metal foil
  • Glass
  • encapsulating
  • glass

• Biophysical properties of human breast cancer cells measured using silicon MEMS resonators and atomic force microscopy

  Corbin, E. A., Kong, F., Lim, C. T., King, W. P. & Bashir, R., Feb 7 2015, In: Lab on a chip. 15, 3, p. 839-847 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems
  • Atomic force microscopy
  • Atomic Force Microscopy
  • Silicon
  • Cells

• Electronic desalting for controlling the ionic environment in droplet-based biosensing platforms

  Swaminathan, V. V., Dak, P., Reddy, B., Salm, E., Duarte-Guevara, C., Zhong, Y., Fischer, A., Liu, Y. S., Alam, M. A. & Bashir, R., Feb 2 2015, In: Applied Physics Letters. 106, 5, 053105.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • salts
  • platforms
  • electronics
  • platinum black
  • electrodes

• Engineering as a new frontier for translational medicine

  Chien, S., Bashir, R., Nerem, R. M. & Pettigrew, R., Apr 1 2015, In: Science Translational Medicine. 7, 281, 281fs13.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Translational Medical Research
  • Medicine
  • Delivery of Health Care
  • Therapeutics

• Enhanced sub-micron colloidal particle separation with interdigitated microelectrode arrays using mixed AC/DC dielectrophoretic scheme

  Swaminathan, V. V., Shannon, M. A. & Bashir, R., Jan 1 2015, In: Biomedical microdevices. 17, 2

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Microelectrodes
  • Electrodes
  • 1-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride
  • DNA Viruses
  • Static Electricity

• Fabrication and characterization of optogenetic, multi-strip cardiac muscles

  Chan, V., Neal, D. M., Uzel, S. G. M., Kim, H., Bashir, R. & Asada, H. H., May 21 2015, In: Lab on a chip. 15, 10, p. 2258-2268 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Optogenetics
  • Muscle
  • Myocardium
  • Fabrication
  • Tissue engineering

• Glacier moraine formation-mimicking colloidal particle assembly in microchanneled, bioactive hydrogel for guided vascular network construction

  Lee, M. K., Rich, M. H., Shkumatov, A., Jeong, J. H., Boppart, M. D., Bashir, R., Gillette, M. U., Lee, J. & Kong, H., Jan 1 2015, In: Advanced Healthcare Materials. 4, 2, p. 195-201 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Glaciers
  • Ice Cover
  • Hydrogels
  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel
  • Microchannels

• Graphene-Based Platform for Infrared Near-Field Nanospectroscopy of Water and Biological Materials in an Aqueous Environment

  Khatib, O., Wood, J. D., McLeod, A. S., Goldflam, M. D., Wagner, M., Damhorst, G. L., Koepke, J. C., Doidge, G. P., Rangarajan, A., Bashir, R., Pop, E., Lyding, J. W., Thiemens, M. H., Keilmann, F. & Basov, D. N., Aug 25 2015, In: ACS Nano. 9, 8, p. 7968-7975 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Graphite
  • Biological materials
  • Graphene
  • Near field scanning optical microscopy
  • viruses

• Impedance microbiology and microbial screening strategy for detecting pathogens in food

  Flint, S., Naila, A. & Bashir, R., Jan 1 2015, High Throughput Screening for Food Safety Assessment: Biosensor Technologies, Hyperspectral Imaging and Practical Applications. Elsevier Inc., p. 285-300 16 p.

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter

  • Microbiology
  • Pathogens
  • food pathogens
  • microbiology
  • Electric Impedance

• Mechanical Characterization and Shape Optimization of Fascicle-Like 3D Skeletal Muscle Tissues Contracted with Electrical and Optical Stimuli

  Neal, D., Sakar, M. S., Bashir, R., Chan, V. & Asada, H. H., Jun 1 2015, In: Tissue Engineering - Part A. 21, 11-12, p. 1848-1858 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Shape optimization
  • Muscle
  • Tissue
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Muscles

• Microfluidics and Nanotechnology for Detection of Global Infectious Diseases

  Damhorst, G. L., Murtagh, M., Rodriguez, W. R. & Bashir, R., Feb 1 2015, In: Proceedings of the IEEE. 103, 2, p. 150-160 11 p., 7067024.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Nanotechnology
  • Microfluidics
  • Viruses
  • Pathogens
  • Industry

• Nanopore-based assay for detection of methylation in double-stranded DNA fragments

  Shim, J., Kim, Y., Humphreys, G. I., Nardulli, A. M., Kosari, F., Vasmatzis, G., Taylor, W. R., Ahlquist, D. A., Myong, S. & Bashir, R., Jan 27 2015, In: ACS Nano. 9, 1, p. 290-300 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Methylation
  • methylation
  • Nanopores
  • Assays
  • DNA

• On-chip metal/polypyrrole quasi-reference electrodes for robust ISFET operation

  Duarte-Guevara, C., Swaminathan, V. V., Burgess, M., Reddy, B., Salm, E., Liu, Y. S., Rodriguez-Lopez, J. & Bashir, R., May 21 2015, In: Analyst. 140, 10, p. 3630-3641 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • polypyrrole
  • Ion sensitive field effect transistors
  • Polypyrroles
  • Ion-Selective Electrodes
  • Metals

• Optomechanical measurement of the stiffness of single adherent cells

  Park, K., Mehrnezhad, A., Corbin, E. A. & Bashir, R., Jul 14 2015, In: Lab on a chip. 15, 17, p. 3460-3464 5 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Substrates
  • Stiffness
  • Mechanical properties
  • Phase shift
  • Lasers

• Photopatterning of hydrogel scaffolds coupled to filter materials using stereolithography for perfused 3D culture of hepatocytes

  Neiman, J. A. S., Raman, R., Chan, V., Rhoads, M. G., Raredon, M. S. B., Velazquez, J. J., Dyer, R. L., Bashir, R., Hammond, P. T. & Griffith, L. G., Apr 1 2015, In: Biotechnology and bioengineering. 112, 4, p. 777-787 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Hepatocytes
  • Stereolithography
  • Hydrogels
  • Scaffolds
  • Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogel

• Slowing DNA transport using graphene-DNA interactions

  Banerjee, S., Wilson, J., Shim, J., Shankla, M., Corbin, E. A., Aksimentiev, A. & Bashir, R., Feb 11 2015, In: Advanced Functional Materials. 25, 6, p. 936-946 11 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Graphite
  • Graphene
  • Nanopores
  • graphene
  • interactions

• Smartphone-Imaged HIV-1 Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) on a Chip from Whole Blood

  Damhorst, G. L., Duarte-Guevara, C., Chen, W., Ghonge, T., Cunningham, B. T. & Bashir, R., Sep 1 2015, In: Engineering. 1, 3, p. 324-335 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Viruses
  • Transcription
  • Amplification
  • Smartphones
  • Blood

• Stereolithographic 3D bioprinting for biomedical applications

  Raman, R. & Bashir, R., Aug 7 2015, Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation. Elsevier Inc., p. 89-121 33 p.

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter

  • Bioprinting
  • Stereolithography
  • Medical applications
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Fabrication

• Tip-based nanofabrication of arbitrary shapes of graphene nanoribbons for device applications

  Hu, H., Banerjee, S., Estrada, D., Bashir, R. & King, W. P., 2015, In: RSC Advances. 5, 46, p. 37006-37012 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Nanoribbons
  • Graphite
  • Carbon Nanotubes
  • Graphene
  • Nanotechnology
• 2016

  3D printing enables separation of orthogonal functions within a hydrogel particle

  Raman, R., Clay, N. E., Sen, S., Melhem, M., Qin, E., Kong, H. & Bashir, R., Jan 1 2016, In: Biomedical microdevices. 18, 3, 49.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Orthogonal functions
  • Three-Dimensional Printing
  • Hydrogels
  • Iron oxides
  • Polyethylene glycols

• Biaxial Dielectrophoresis Force Spectroscopy: A Stoichiometric Approach for Examining Intermolecular Weak Binding Interactions

  Park, I. S., Kwak, T. J., Lee, G., Son, M., Choi, J. W., Choi, S., Nam, K., Lee, S. Y., Chang, W. J., Eom, K., Yoon, D. S., Lee, S., Bashir, R. & Lee, S. W., Apr 26 2016, In: ACS Nano. 10, 4, p. 4011-4019 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Electrophoresis
  • Spectroscopy
  • loading rate
  • pulling
  • spectroscopy

• Design and integration of a problem-based biofabrication course into an undergraduate biomedical engineering curriculum

  Raman, R., Mitchell, M., Perez-Pinera, P., Bashir, R. & DeStefano, L., Sep 21 2016, In: Journal of Biological Engineering. 10, 1, 10.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Curricula
  • Curriculum
  • Students

• Detection of silver ions using dielectrophoretic tweezers-based force spectroscopy

  Choi, S., Lee, G., Park, I. S., Son, M., Kim, W., Lee, H., Lee, S. Y., Na, S., Yoon, D. S., Bashir, R., Park, J. & Lee, S. W., Jan 1 2016, In: Analytical chemistry. 88, 22, p. 10867-10875 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Polynucleotides
  • Spectroscopy
  • Silver
  • Metal ions
  • Heavy ions

• Direct characterization of hydrodynamic loading on a microelectromechanical systems microstructure

  Mehrnezhad, A., Bashir, R. & Park, K., Mar 14 2016, In: Applied Physics Letters. 108, 11, 114101.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • microelectromechanical systems
  • hydrodynamics
  • microstructure
  • characterization
  • viscous fluids

• Droplet-based biosensing for lab-on-a-chip, open microfluidics platforms

  Dak, P., Ebrahimi, A., Swaminathan, V., Duarte-Guevara, C., Bashir, R. & Alam, M. A., 2016, In: Biosensors. 6, 2, 14.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Lab-on-a-chip
  • Microfluidics
  • Biosensing Techniques
  • Biosensors
  • Costs and Cost Analysis

• Dynamic mechanical measurement of the viscoelasticity of single adherent cells

  Corbin, E. A., Adeniba, O. O., Ewoldt, R. H. & Bashir, R., Feb 29 2016, In: Applied Physics Letters. 108, 9, 093701.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • mechanical measurement
  • viscoelasticity
  • cells
  • sensors
  • microelectromechanical systems

• Electrical Chips for Biological Point-of-Care Detection

  Reddy, B., Salm, E. & Bashir, R., Jul 11 2016, In: Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 18, p. 329-355 27 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Biochips
  • Point-of-Care Systems
  • Lab-on-a-chip
  • Multiplexing
  • Health care

• High-Resolution Projection Microstereolithography for Patterning of Neovasculature

  Raman, R., Bhaduri, B., Mir, M., Shkumatov, A., Lee, M. K., Popescu, G., Kong, H. & Bashir, R., Mar 9 2016, In: Advanced Healthcare Materials. 5, 5, p. 610-619 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Stereolithography
  • Tissue engineering
  • Assays
  • Immunosorbents
  • Tissue

• HIV-1 IIIB capture from whole blood on magnetic microparticles

  Damhorst, G. L., Kooiman, J. M. & Bashir, R., Oct 13 2016, 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2016. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., p. 5785-5788 4 p. 7592042. (Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS; vol. 2016-October).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Antibodies
  • Blood
  • Proteins
  • HIV-1
  • Drug therapy

• Magnetophoretic-based microfluidic device for DNA Concentration

  Shim, S., Shim, J., Taylor, W. R., Kosari, F., Vasmatzis, G., Ahlquist, D. A. & Bashir, R., Apr 1 2016, In: Biomedical microdevices. 18, 2, p. 1-8 8 p., 28.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Lab-On-A-Chip Devices
  • Microfluidics
  • DNA
  • Nanofluidics
  • Nucleic acids

• Microcantilevers track single-cell mass

  Bashir, R., Nov 8 2016, In: Nature Biotechnology. 34, 11, p. 1125-11260 10136 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Short survey › peer-review

• Microfluidic differential immunocapture biochip for specific leukocyte counting

  Hassan, U., Watkins, N. N., Reddy, B., Damhorst, G. & Bashir, R., Apr 1 2016, In: Nature Protocols. 11, 4, p. 714-726 13 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Biochips
  • Biosensors
  • Microfluidics
  • Leukocytes
  • Biosensing Techniques

• Modeling and Analysis of Intercalant Effects on Circular DNA Conformation

  Krueger, E., Shim, J., Fathizadeh, A., Chang, A. N., Subei, B., Yocham, K. M., Davis, P. H., Graugnard, E., Khalili-Araghi, F., Bashir, R., Estrada, D. & Fologea, D., Sep 27 2016, In: ACS Nano. 10, 9, p. 8910-8917 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Circular DNA
  • Conformations
  • DNA
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Nanopores

• On-chip electrical detection of parallel loop-mediated isothermal amplification with DG-BioFETs for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens

  Duarte-Guevara, C., Swaminathan, V. V., Reddy, B., Huang, J. C., Liu, Y. S. & Bashir, R., Jan 1 2016, In: RSC Advances. 6, 106, p. 103872-103887 16 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Pathogens
  • Amplification
  • Assays
  • Gold
  • Nucleic acids